Biology Final
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| Hierarchical Organization | Biosphere(entire planet), Ecosystem(biological organ), Community(populations living together), Species(Specific organisms), Population(Organisms)
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| Variables(Independent, Dependent, Control) | Independent(Manipulated), Dependent(Results from independent), Control(Doesn't change)
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| Emergent properties/Reductionism theory | Emergent(Whole is more than parts) / Reductionism(Larger organization made of smaller parts)
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| Primary Process responsible for evolutionary change | Natural selection, Variation, Mutations, and gene pool traits
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| Convergent Evolution | Species evolved and adapted parallel to each other in separate geographic locations
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| Adaption vs Extinction | Adaption(natural selection) Extinction(replaced by a fitter species to fill niche)
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| 4 elements that make up most of the human body | O,C,H,N=96% of body
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| Electron arrangement and how electron behaves | electrons determines how an atom behaves
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| Compounds, molecules, atoms | Compounds(2-3 molecules), Molecules(2+ elements), Atoms(Elements)
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| Covalent, Ionic, Hydrogen bonds | Covalent(Strongest/Definitive shape), Ionic(Magnetic/pulling charges), Hydrogen(easily broken and reformed)
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| Why ice floats | Hydrogen bonds freeze into place where it creates space between molecules
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| Acids/Bases | H+(Acids) OH-(Base)
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| 4 biological molecules | Carbs, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acid
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| Hydrolysis and dehydration reactions | Hydrolysis(breaks a macromolecule apart by adding water molecule)
Dehydration(Joins monomers together by removing a H20
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| Starch as storage molecule(Shape) | Large strong storage in helical shape
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| Unsaturated fats | Kinks in c backbone so H+ cannot fit.
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| Amino Acids(peptide bonds) | Amino group and carboxyl group
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| Hypercholesterolemia (How it works) | Functional LDL receptors missing= accumulation of excess cholesterol in blood
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| Prokaryotic cells | DNA- about 1 chromosome, cell membrane
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| Size of prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic cells | 1/10 vs eukaryotic -> orgnalles, double membranes, more genes/chromosomes
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| Lysosomes | Break down old organelles-hydrolytic enzymes to digest waste
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| 2nd law of thermodynamics | unusable energy converted to heat, increase entropy->random disorganization
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| cycle of change from ADP to ATP, ATP to ADP | ADP->ATP= Phosphorylation
ATP->ADP=Hydrolysis
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| Enzymes:inhibitors/competitive inhibitors | Chemical interference attaches by covalent bonds causing reaction to become irreversible
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| How RNA is catalyzed | Ribosymes->RNA catalysts
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| Plasma membrane and permeability | Selective permeability-> only certain molecules can pass
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| Composition of outer surface of membranes | Carbohydrates, Gycloproteins, Gyclolipids
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| What does each glucose molecule produce | 38 ATP, 40% total energy, 60% Heat
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| Oxidation and reduction reactions | Oxidation(Loss of electrons) Reduction(Gain of electrons)
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| Final stage of oxidative phosphorylation | Chemiosmosis /
Electron transport chain
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| Pigment Absorption | Absorb low energy light from visible spectrum
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| Location of where the photosystem II takes place | Thylakoids
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| Purpose of ribulose bisphosphate | Recaptures co2 from air
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| Genes of Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic cells | 30,000 vs 3,000
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| M Phase | PMAT- G1, G2, M Phase
Cell division, Cytogenesis, Chromosome division
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| How cancer can spread(tumors) | Circulating system, cells separate from tumors.
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| Meiosis I: prophase | synapsis, crossing over, tetrads(4)
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| Anaphase | Pulled to the opposite poles, still in pairs.
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| Telophase | Cytokinesis, nucleoli reappear, nuclear envelope reappears.
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| Dominant vs Recessive | Equal Chance
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| Genetic Linkage | Genes close together, inherited together- directly proportional to distance apart.
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| Recessive disorders(Inherited alleles) | Carriers Aa-Heterozygous (Both parents), AA x AA(100% dominant), aa x aa(Not possible-Death before reproductive age)
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| sex-linked disorders(who does it affect and why?) | More males->shortened y chromosomes
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| Co-dominant alleles | same dominant traits together like AB blood
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| Birth defects (translocation) | Translocation(Fragment attaches to non-homologous chromosome)
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| DNA backbone and bonds | Sugar- Phosphate(Covalent bonds)
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| DNA nucleotide pairing | DNA= A w/ T G w/ C
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| RNA nucleotide pairing | RNA= A w/ U G w/ C
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| Model of DNA replication | Semi-conservative-> half parental molecule maintained
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| Jobs of DNA Polymerase, Ligase, Nuclease | polymerase(Adds nucleotides and proofreads Ligase(Paste fragments), Nuclease(DNA cutting enzyme)
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| Direction that transcription runs | 5 to 3
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| Equation of protein synthesis | DNA to RNA to Proteins
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| Where transcription, translation occurs | Transcription(Nucleus) Translation(Cytoplasm)
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| Codons(What are they) | 3 nucleotide sequence(Amino Acids)
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| Anticodons(What are they and how do they pair) | 3 nucleotides sequence, complimentary to codon
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| Start and stop codons | AUG(Start) UAA,UAG,UGA (Stop)
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| The cap and tail | (not included in translocation) Protection during transport
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| What starts transcription | Promoter
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| Introns and Exons | Introns(blank regions) Exons(Coding regions)
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| Where does mRNA bind to | Small ribosomal unit
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| Purpose of tRNA | Transporter
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| Aneuploidy | Abnormal chromosomal # (Too many or too few) Too many-Down Syndrome Too few- Cri Du Chat
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| Reverse transcriptase | RNA is mutated and enters nucleus, makes DNA copy of RNA, mutates DNA permanently, RNA leaves to infect other cells.
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| Use of enzymes to make what | Reverse transcriptase enzymes
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| Proto-oncogenes | Normal gene that has potential to become engines (Mutation hot spots)
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| Cancer | Mutation w/in genes(Usually 4 or more)
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| Signal transduction pathways | Signals for rapid growth and division
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| Mutations in what kind of cells | Somatic cells
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| Tumors and cancer | Benign vs malignate-not all tumors are cancerous
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| BRCA1 and BRCA2 | tumor suppressor gene for breast tissue
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| What do activators bind to for gene regulation | Proteins
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| Are they always off or on | Off until gene expression turns on (except from Glycoses)
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| Histones | Packed around DNA to prevent gene expressions, beads, linkers
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| XX chromosomes in calico cats | Both xx must be turned on to create orange fur
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| How is each gene unique for gene expression | has its own promoter
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| what are enhancers(eukaryotic transcription) | DNA sequence
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| What does translation of mRNA produce | Protein
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| Homeotic gene | correct body parts placement
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| Homeoboxes | 180 nucleotide sequences similarity between mouse & fly
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| recombinant DNA technology uses | combine genes from different sources into single DNA molecules
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| What are plasmids | small circular DNA molecules
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| Where do they come from(plasmids) | Bacterium
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| What are restriction enzymes and approximately how many are there | Use to cut a DNA sequence at a specific sequence/ 100's different restriction enzymes
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| cDNA: What is it and why is it easy to work with? | Does not have introns (Complimentary DNA)
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| What is DNA technology and gene cloning used for in medications and diagnosis | used in human insulin, HGH, Vaccines
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| How can they be used | Sheeps milk-> Secrete protein for treatment cystic fiber
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| DNA microarray | thousands of different kinds single stranded DNA fragments
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| Gel electrophoresis: shorter and longer fragments | Short fragments travel farther
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| DNA charge | is negatively charged and moves toward positive poles
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| RFLPs | DNA fragments produced by the restriction enzymes
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| Gene Therapy |
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| PCR disadvantages |
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| Who is using GMs |
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| What are they |
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| Cloning |
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| Where do true stem cells have come from | 6 day old embryo (Blastocyst)
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