Study Guide info for Organic Molecules test
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| hydrocarbon | a long chain of carbon atoms that are linked together with hydrogen bonded to it.
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| 2 examples of hydrocarbons | coal, gasoline
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| what is the monomer of carbohydrates? | sugars
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| what elements make up carbohydrates? | carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen
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| what is the monomer of a protein | amino acids
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| what elements make up proteins? | carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and some sulfur
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| what is the monomer of lipids? | fatty acid
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| what elements make up lipids? | carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
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| what are the monomers of nucleic acid? | nucleotide
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| what process joins monomers? | dehydration synthesis
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| why does the body need to do dehydration synthesis? | to link together monomers
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| what process breaks down polymers? | hydrolysis
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| why does the body need to do hydrolysis? | to break down the proteins, lipids, carbohydrates that you eat into monomers
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| monosaccharide | 1 simple sugar
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| what elements make up monosaccharides? | carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
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| what are monosaccharides used for? | main fuel that cells use for cellular work. immediate energy
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| disaccharide | double sugar
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| what are disaccharides used for? | transport
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| polysaccharide | many sugars
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| what are the three polysaccharides? | starch, glycogen, cellulose
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| what do starches do? | energy storage in plants
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| what does glycogen do? | food storage in animals
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| what does cellulose do? | structural support in plants
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| organic molecule | made by living organisms and contain carbon. Carbon is often used as the BACKBONE of the molecule.
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| inorganic molecule | derived from nonliving things and don't contain carbon.
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| how many bonds will carbon make with other elements? | 4
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| polymer | carbon compounds made up of many monomers
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| monomer | individual small unit molecules
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| what are the 4 classes of organic molecules? | carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acid
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| isomer | molecule with the same chemical formula, but different structural formula.
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| example of isomers | fructose and glucose
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| saturated fat | glycerol molecule. fatty acid tails that have a carbon-carbon as single bonds, and the chain is saturated with hydrogens
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| unsaturated fat | glycerol molecule. fatty avid tails that have one or more double bonds connecting the carbons in the chain.
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| what is an example of a saturated fat? | butter
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| why are saturated fats solid at room temperature? | because it can copy the shape of its neighbor causing layering
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| what is an example of an unsaturated fat? | corn oil
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| why are unsaturated fats liquid at room temperate? | because the double bonds fix the shape not allowing it to copy the shape of its neighboring chains
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| why do lipids have more energy per gram than carbohydrates? | because it contains more carbon-hydrogen and less hydroxyl
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| what are glycerides used for? | long term energy storage
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| what are phospholipids used for? | in cell membrane
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| what are waxes used for? | help conserve water in many plant leaves
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| how is the structure of a steroid different than a triglyceride? | a steroid is a ring of carbons and a triglyceride is a chain
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| what are steroids used for? | physical development from puberty on to old age and fertility cycles
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| how many types of amino acids are used in living things? | 20
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| what is the role of fibrous proteins? | structural role, skin, bones
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| what are the 4 roles of globular proteins? | enzymes that do chemical reactions, transport oxygen to cells, antibodies, hormones to regulate body functions.
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| what are the 3 parts of a nucleotide? | 5 carbon sugar ribose, phosphate, nitrogen- containing base
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| what is the role of singular nucleotides? | temporarily carry energy
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| what is the role of DNA? | stores hereditary information
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| what is the role of RNA? | assisting DNA in making a protein
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| what are foods that are rich in carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids? | carb- grains, potatoes pasta proteins- meats lipids- vegetable oils and fats
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| what is the chemical formula of a monosaccharide? | C6H12O6
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| what is the chemical formula of a disaccharide? | C12H22O11
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| how many water molecules must be removed if 5 monosaccharide monomers join? | 4
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| what is the ratio of carbon hydrogen and oxygen in a monosaccharide? | 1:2:1
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| organic chemistry | study of carbon compounds
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| macromolecules | study of large organic molecules
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| functional groups | groups of atoms that give properties to the carbon compounds to which they attach
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| what kind of energy do carbohydrates give animals? | immediate
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| do mono and di saccharides dissolve readily in water? | yes
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| what is the most abundant organic compound on earth? | cellulose
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| what is cellulose known as in food? | dietary fiber
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| alpha structure | sugar molecules identically linked to each other to make coiled chains
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| beta structure | sugar molecules are alternate to each other making straight chains
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| what is an example of an alpha structure? | plant and animal starches
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| why is cellulose water insoluble? | because they are straight chain molecules with hydrogen bonding to each other also making it nondigestible
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| what polysaccharide contains nitrogen? | CHITIN
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| what is carb and proteins cal/gram | 4
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| what is lipids cal/gram | 9
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| what are glycerides used for? | long term energy storage and insulation in animals
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| saturated fat | saturated with hydrogens. no double bonds
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| unsatured fat | has one or more double bonds connecting the carbons.have fewer carbon hydrogen bonds in the chain
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| monounsaturated fat | one double bond
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| polyunsaturated fat | two double bonds
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| what are hydrogenated oils | they replace double bonds of unsaturated fats with single bonds of saturated fats and are hard for your body to break down
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| HDL | good cholesterol
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| LDL | bad cholesterol
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| what affects the function of a protein? | its shape
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| what are three ways to denature proteins? | heating, adding bases, adding acids
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| what is the shape of fibrous proteins? | long chains
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| what is the shape of globular proteins? | a glob
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| primary structure | amino acid sequence
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| secondary structure | folding as a result of hydrogen bonding
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| tertiary structure | secondary folding caused by order of amino acids
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| quaternary structure | different folded chains come together to make a larger protein unit
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