Ap Biology Cellular Energetics
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| What is life built on | chemical reactions; transofrming energy from one form to another
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| What is the first law of thermodynamics | energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transoformed
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| What do living systems need to continually acquire and transform to remain alive | energy
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| what is free energy | the energy available in a system to do work
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| What is the 2nd law of thermodynamics | Every time energy is transformed the entropy (disorder) of the universe increases
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| How do organisms maintain order? | by coupling cellular processes
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| coupling cellular prcesses |
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| What are metabolic reactions that can form bonds between molecules | dehydration synthesis; synthesis; anabolic reactions; endergonic
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| metabolic reactions that can break bonds between molecules | hydrolysis; digestion; catabolic reactions; exergonic
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| energy released | exergonic; downhill
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| energy input | endergonic; uphill
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| What does breaking down large molecules requie? | an initial input of energy; activation enery
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| large biomolecules are | stable and must absorb energy to break bonds
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| Why don't reactions just happen spontaneously | because covalent bonds are stable
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| activation energy | the amount of energy needed to destablize the bonds of a molcule
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| how does a cell get help for reactions | enzymes
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| Organisms are? | endergonic systems
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| What do we need energy for? | synthesis; reproduction; active transport; movement; temperature regulation
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| What happens when there is insufficient free energy production? | disease or death, decline of a population; complexity in an ecosystem
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| Formula of free energy | ΔG = ΔH - TΔS.
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| change in enthalpy | - = exothermic, + = endothermic
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| change in entropy | - = entropy decrease, + = entropy increase
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| spontaeous reactions | continue once they are initiated
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| non-spontaneous reactions | require continual input of energy to continue
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| reaction that are always spontaneous/exergonic | exothermic reactions that increase entropy
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| always non-spontaneous/endergonic | endothermic reactions that decrease entropy
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| why do we have ATP | need a short term energy storage molecule
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| ATP | modified nucleotide that is energy
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| How does ATP store energy? | stored energy in each PO4 bond (phosphate group attached)
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| What makes ATP an excellent energy donor? | instability of its P bonds
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| How does ATP transfer energy? |
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| What is the enzyme that phosphorlates | kinase
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| we can't store ATP | too reactive and only short term energy storage
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| Why do cells make ATP if it takes a lot of time | chemical, mechanical and tranport work
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| Why to we need energy | to run reactions
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| how do you measure metabolic rate | find amount of heat loss or O2 consumes or CO2 produced
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| thermoregulation | eat regulation in mammals often involves the integumentary system (insulation behavioral responses, etc...)
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| Where is energy stored | organic molecules
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| Where is harvested energy stored | glucose
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| cellular respiration | catabolism of glucose to produce ATP
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| How do we harvest energy from fuels? | digest large molecules into smaller ones; break bonds and move electrons from one molecule to another
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| As electrons move they carry what with them | energy
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| how do electrons move |
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| redox reactions | coupling oxidation and reduction
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| oxidation | loss of electron
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| reduction | gain of electron
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| what releases energy as breakdown molecules | redox reactions
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| what is the most electronegative atom in biology? | oxygen
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| what is oxidized in respiration | glucose
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| what is reduced in respiration | oxygen
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| How are electrons moved in respiration | electron carriers move electrons by shuttling H atoms around
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| anaerobic respiration | glycolysis; the breaking down of glucose; in cytosol
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| aerobic respiration | in mitochondria; pyruvate oxidation; kreb's cycle; etc
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| What's the point? | to make ATP
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| glycolysis | breaks down 6C glucose to 2 3C pyrvate
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| ATP generated glycolysis | 2 ATP
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| How is NADH recycle to NAD+ | another molecule must accept H from NADH; anaerobic respiration (fermentation)
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| Why is pyruvate a branching point | can be used for fermentation or kreb's cycle
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| kreb's cycle -what happens to pyruvate | oxidized to acetyl COA
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| kreb's cycle occurs (#) | 2x for each glucose molecule
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| Krebs produces | 8 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP, 6 CO2
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| Why glycolysis and krebs | value of NADH and FADH2
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| ETC | series of molecules built into inner mitochondrial membrane; mostly transport (integral) proteins
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| ETC electron tranport | transport of electrons down ETC linked to ATP synthesis
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| chemiosmosis | H atoms move across inner membrane to intermembrane space
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| What pulls the electrons down the ETC | oxygen
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| each carrier | more electronegative
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| ATP synthase | enzyme to make ATP in ETC; only channel permeable to H+; powered by H+
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| metabolism | coordination of digestion & synthesis by regulation enzyme
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| feedback inhibition | regulation & coordination of production; self-limiting; final product is inhibitor of earlier step
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| where does CO2 enter into leaves | stomates
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| Where does photosynthesis occur | chloroplasts
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| pigment in chloroplasts | chlorophyll
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| How does photosynthesis get energy? | absorbing wavelengths of light
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