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Ch. 8-10 Ap Biology
Ap Biology Cellular Energetics
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is life built on | chemical reactions; transofrming energy from one form to another |
| What is the first law of thermodynamics | energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transoformed |
| What do living systems need to continually acquire and transform to remain alive | energy |
| what is free energy | the energy available in a system to do work |
| What is the 2nd law of thermodynamics | Every time energy is transformed the entropy (disorder) of the universe increases |
| How do organisms maintain order? | by coupling cellular processes |
| coupling cellular prcesses | |
| What are metabolic reactions that can form bonds between molecules | dehydration synthesis; synthesis; anabolic reactions; endergonic |
| metabolic reactions that can break bonds between molecules | hydrolysis; digestion; catabolic reactions; exergonic |
| energy released | exergonic; downhill |
| energy input | endergonic; uphill |
| What does breaking down large molecules requie? | an initial input of energy; activation enery |
| large biomolecules are | stable and must absorb energy to break bonds |
| Why don't reactions just happen spontaneously | because covalent bonds are stable |
| activation energy | the amount of energy needed to destablize the bonds of a molcule |
| how does a cell get help for reactions | enzymes |
| Organisms are? | endergonic systems |
| What do we need energy for? | synthesis; reproduction; active transport; movement; temperature regulation |
| What happens when there is insufficient free energy production? | disease or death, decline of a population; complexity in an ecosystem |
| Formula of free energy | ΔG = ΔH - TΔS. |
| change in enthalpy | - = exothermic, + = endothermic |
| change in entropy | - = entropy decrease, + = entropy increase |
| spontaeous reactions | continue once they are initiated |
| non-spontaneous reactions | require continual input of energy to continue |
| reaction that are always spontaneous/exergonic | exothermic reactions that increase entropy |
| always non-spontaneous/endergonic | endothermic reactions that decrease entropy |
| why do we have ATP | need a short term energy storage molecule |
| ATP | modified nucleotide that is energy |
| How does ATP store energy? | stored energy in each PO4 bond (phosphate group attached) |
| What makes ATP an excellent energy donor? | instability of its P bonds |
| How does ATP transfer energy? | |
| What is the enzyme that phosphorlates | kinase |
| we can't store ATP | too reactive and only short term energy storage |
| Why do cells make ATP if it takes a lot of time | chemical, mechanical and tranport work |
| Why to we need energy | to run reactions |
| how do you measure metabolic rate | find amount of heat loss or O2 consumes or CO2 produced |
| thermoregulation | eat regulation in mammals often involves the integumentary system (insulation behavioral responses, etc...) |
| Where is energy stored | organic molecules |
| Where is harvested energy stored | glucose |
| cellular respiration | catabolism of glucose to produce ATP |
| How do we harvest energy from fuels? | digest large molecules into smaller ones; break bonds and move electrons from one molecule to another |
| As electrons move they carry what with them | energy |
| how do electrons move | |
| redox reactions | coupling oxidation and reduction |
| oxidation | loss of electron |
| reduction | gain of electron |
| what releases energy as breakdown molecules | redox reactions |
| what is the most electronegative atom in biology? | oxygen |
| what is oxidized in respiration | glucose |
| what is reduced in respiration | oxygen |
| How are electrons moved in respiration | electron carriers move electrons by shuttling H atoms around |
| anaerobic respiration | glycolysis; the breaking down of glucose; in cytosol |
| aerobic respiration | in mitochondria; pyruvate oxidation; kreb's cycle; etc |
| What's the point? | to make ATP |
| glycolysis | breaks down 6C glucose to 2 3C pyrvate |
| ATP generated glycolysis | 2 ATP |
| How is NADH recycle to NAD+ | another molecule must accept H from NADH; anaerobic respiration (fermentation) |
| Why is pyruvate a branching point | can be used for fermentation or kreb's cycle |
| kreb's cycle -what happens to pyruvate | oxidized to acetyl COA |
| kreb's cycle occurs (#) | 2x for each glucose molecule |
| Krebs produces | 8 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP, 6 CO2 |
| Why glycolysis and krebs | value of NADH and FADH2 |
| ETC | series of molecules built into inner mitochondrial membrane; mostly transport (integral) proteins |
| ETC electron tranport | transport of electrons down ETC linked to ATP synthesis |
| chemiosmosis | H atoms move across inner membrane to intermembrane space |
| What pulls the electrons down the ETC | oxygen |
| each carrier | more electronegative |
| ATP synthase | enzyme to make ATP in ETC; only channel permeable to H+; powered by H+ |
| metabolism | coordination of digestion & synthesis by regulation enzyme |
| feedback inhibition | regulation & coordination of production; self-limiting; final product is inhibitor of earlier step |
| where does CO2 enter into leaves | stomates |
| Where does photosynthesis occur | chloroplasts |
| pigment in chloroplasts | chlorophyll |
| How does photosynthesis get energy? | absorbing wavelengths of light |
Created by:
3j0mk1
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