Fluids and Electrolytes Quiz over powerpoint ICCC
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| What is a Solute? | Substance Dissolved
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| What is Solvent? | Solution in which solute is dissolved
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| What does Percentages mean? | Grams of drug per 100 mL of fluid
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| What is 1st function of body Fluids? | 1. Provides a medium for transporting nutrients to cells, wastes from cells and for transporting substances such as hormones, enzymes, and blood cells.
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| What is 2nd Function of body fluids? | Facilitates cellular metabolism and chemical functioning within the cell
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| What is 3rd function of body fluids? | acts as a solvent for electrolytes and non-electrolytes
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| What is 4th function of body fluids? | Helps maintain normal body temperature
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| What is 5th function of body fluids? | Facilitates digestion and promotes elimination
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| What is 6th function of body fluids? | Acts as a tissue lubricant
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| What is the most important nutrient of life? | water
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| 5) What are the Locations of Body Fluids? | Intracellular fluid- ICF and Extracellular fluid- ECF
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| What is intracellular Fluid? | The fluid within the cell. Makes up about 40% of an adult body weight or 70% of total weight
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| What is Extracellular fluid? | All the fluid outside the cells
Makes up 20% of an adult body weight or 30% total body water.
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| What is included in extracellular fluid? | Intravascular and interstitial fluids
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| What is Intravascular fluid or plasma? | liquid constituent of blood
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| What is interstitial fluid? | The fluid that surrounds tissue cells and includes lymph
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| What is the total body weight in healthy person? | 50-60% of water
Depend on factors such as age, body mass and sex
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| Infant has more body fluid and ECF then whom? | Adult
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| Because ECF(extracellular fluid) easily lost from the body than ICF(Intracellular Fluid), who is more prone to fluid volume deficits than adults? | Infants
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| What does the total amount of water differs by? | Sex and person's amount of fat cells
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| What does fat cells contain? | Little water
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| What is lean tissue rich in? | Water
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| The more obese the person is, the_________ the percentage of total body water compared with body weight. | smaller
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| Who tend to have more body fat then males, thus they have less body fluid than males? | Females
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| What are kinds of electrolytes? | Ion, Electrolyte, Cation, Anion
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| What is Ion? | An atom or molecule carrying an electrical charge
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| What is Electrolyte? | Substances capable of breaking into electricity charged ions when dissolved in a solution
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| What is Cation? | Positive charged ion
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| What is Anion? | Negative charged ion
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| These charges are the basis of what? | Chemical interactions in the body necessary for metabolism and other functions.
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| How are electrolytes measured? | mEq (miliequivalent)
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| What is mEq (miliequivant)? | Unit of measure for electrolytes
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| What does mEq describe? | Chemical activity of electrolytes
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| Electrolytes should be in normal balance in the body. When they are not, the person is in what sate of risk? | Alteration in health
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| What are functions of electrolytes? | Regulate water distribution
Regulate acid-base balance
Maintain a balance degree of neuromuscular excitability
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| What is Sodium (Na+)? | Chief electrolyte of extracellular fluid
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| Where does Sodium move? | Moves easily between intravascular and interstitial spaces
Moves across cell membrane
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| What are functions of Sodium? | Controls and regulates volume of body fluids
Maintains water balance in body
Primarily regulator of ECF volume
Influences ICF volume
Participates in nerve impulses
Essential in the sodium-potassium pump
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| What is normal range of Sodium? | 135-145 mEq/L
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| What are foods containing Sodium? | Bacon, ham, sausage, Ketchup, mustard, relish, processes cheese, canned vegetables, bread, cereal, salted snack foods
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| What is Sodium and Potassium pump? | During neuromuscular function, sodium moves into the cell and potassium diffuses out of the cell.
Returned to original place with the aid of the energy source ATP
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| During the Sodium and Potassium pump, Sodium and Potassium remains where in relation to the cell? | Sodium outside cell and Potassium inside the cell.
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| What is Potassium (K+)? | Major cation of intracellular fluid. Chief regulator of cellular enzyme activity and cellular water content
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| What are functions of Potassium? | Transmission of electrical impulses
Protein and CHP metabolism; cellular building
Assists in regulation of acid base balance by exchange with H+
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| What are sources of Potassium? | Bananas, peaches, kiwi, figs, dates, apricots, oranges, prunes, melons, raisins, broccoli, potatoes, meat and dairy products
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| What are losses of Potassium? | Excreted by kidneys
Kidneys have no effective method of conserving potassium
GI secretions contain large quantities of potassium, perspiration and saliva contain potassium
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| What is normal range for Potassium? | 3.5-5 mEq/L
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| What is Chloride (Cl-)? | Chief extracellular anion
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| Where is Chloride found? | Blood, interstitial fluid, and lymph
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| What are the functions of Chloride? | Acts with potassium to maintain osmotic pressure of the blood
Plays role in body's acid-base balance
Important buffering action when oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange in RBCs
Essential for production of HCI acid in gastric juices
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| What are sources of Chloride? | High in sodium, dairy products and meat
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| What is normal range for Chloride? | 95-105 mEq
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| Chloride is normally paired with NA+ and is excreted and conserved with Na+ by what organ? | Kidneys
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| Chloride deficits leads to what kind of deficits? Vice versa | K+ Potassium
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| What are non-Electrolytes? | Glucose and Urea
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| What is Bicarbonate? | Anion and Major chemical base buffer in body's primary buffer system
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| What are functions of Bicarbonate? | Essential for acid base balance
Part of buffer system
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| What two electrolytes constitute the body's primary buffer system? | Bicarbonate and Carbonic acid
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| What is regulation of Bicarbonate? | Levels are regulated by kidneys
Available as result of carbon dioxide formation during metabolism
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| What is normal range for Bicarbonate? | 22-26 mEq
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| What takes nourishment to each body cell and receives of materials to and from intracellular compartments? | Extracellular fluid
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| What are the most common routes for transportation of materials to and from intracellular compartments? | Osmosis
Diffusion
Active Transport
Filtration
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| What is Osmosis? | Movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane from and area of lower concentration to higher concentration
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| What is an example of Osmosis? | Absorption of water by the small intestine or kidney
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| What kind of walls for cells have? | Semipermeable walls
So water can be transported through the wall
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| How are body fluids transported? | Through cell membrane through osmosis.
Move from less solute concentration to higher solute concentration until equilibrium is established
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| What is Diffusion? | Solutes to move freely from an area of higher concentration to and area of lower concentration until equilibrium is established.
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| What is example of Diffusion( Coasting downhill)? | Oxygen and carbon dioxide gases are exchanged in the lung's alveoli and capillaries occurs by diffusion
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| What molecules are in constant motion? | Solid move very slow
Liquid molecules move faster
Gas moves even faster then liquid
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| What is active transport (Pumping up the Hill)? | Process that requires energy (ATP) for the movement of substances through a cell membrane from an area of lesser concentration to area of higher concentration.
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| What is example of Active Transport? | Formation of tissue fluid; the first step in the formation of urine
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| Where is Filtration pressure positive at? | arterioles
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| What do the Arterioles do? | Helps to force or filter fluids into interstitial spaces
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| Where is Filtration pressure negative at? | Venules
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| What do Venules do? | Help force or filter fluids into the venules
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| Filtration is also involved in what? | Proper functioning of glomeruli of the kidneys
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| What is Isotonic? | Having same concentration of dissolved materials as the solution used as a comparison
No pulling power
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| Isotonic remains where? | intravascular compartment
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| What is Isotonic saline? | 0.9% NaCl
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| What is normal Saline made of? | Salt and water
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| What is hypotonic? | Has less solute than isotonic solutions
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| What kind of water is never given in IV? | Distilled
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| What is 1/2 strength of normal saline? | 0.45% saline
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| If hypotonic solution is given to a dehydrated patient, who has lost intracellular fluid, the fluid will go where? | Into the cell causing the cell to swell and possibly burst
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| What is Hypertonic? | Has higher concentration of solutes
10% dextrose in water- replace electrolytes (D10W)
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| If a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution what will happen? | Shrink because fluid goes out of cell into the bloodstream and other ECF spaces
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| In a healthy adult, the fluid balance should be? | Equal to output
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| What are fluid sources? | Ingested liquids
Food
Metabolism
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| What is ingested liquids? | This source makes up the largest amount of water taken in the by the body
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| Fluid intake is regulated by the? | Thirst mechanism, located in hypothalamus
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| The hypothalamus is stimulated by? | Intracellular dehydration and decreased blood volume
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| What is the second largest source of water for the body? | Water in food
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| What are foods with water in them? | Fruit(high) cereals and dried (low)
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| The amount of water ingested depends on? | The diet
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| What is water from Metabolic Oxidation? | The end product of oxidation that occurs during the metabolism of food substances
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| Person who diet is high in fat has a proportionally greater amount of water resulting from metabolic processes than? | person who diet is high in protein
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| What are fluid losses? | Sensible and Insensible
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| What is Sensible loss? | Through kidneys are urine, through intestinal tract as feces, through skin as perspiration
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| What is Insensible? | Imperceptible water loss. Invisible water loss through the skin through evaporation, from lungs with moistened exhaled breaths
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| What is fluid imbalances? | When body's compensatory mechanisms are unable to maintain a homeostatic state
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| Fluid imbalances involve either? | a volume or distribution of water or electrolytes
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| What is fluid Volume Deficit? | Caused by deficiency of water and electrolytes in the ECF (hypovolemia)
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| What is dehydration? | Decreased volume of water
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| What is Hydration? | Normal water volume in the body
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| What is Fluid volume Excess? | Excessive retention of water and sodium in the ECF (hypervolemia)
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| What is Edema? | The excessive ECF may accumulate in tissue spaces
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| Where can Edema be observed? | Around eyes, fingers, ankles, sacral space, in or around body organs
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| How many compartments of fluid? | 3
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| What is the 1st compartment of fluid? | normal distribution
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| What is the 2nd Compartment of fluid? | excess accumulation of interstitial fluid which results in edema
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| What is the 3rd Compartment of fluid? | Shift of fluid into the interstitial space and remains
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| What are electrolyte imbalances? | Hyponatremia, Hyperatremia, Hypokalemia, and Hyperkalemia
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| What is Hyponatremia? | Sodium deficit in ECF
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| What is Hyperatremia? | A surplus of sodium in ECF that can result from excess water loss or an overall excess of sodium.
Fluid moves from the cells, leaving them without sufficient fluid
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| What is Hypokalemia? | Potassium deficit in ECF
When ECF potassium level falls, potassium moves from the cell creating an Intracellular potassium deficiency
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| What are symptoms of Hypokalemia? | leg cramps and muscle weakness
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| What is Hyperkalemia? | Excess of potassium in ECF
The transmission of stimuli through heart muscle is slowed or prevented, and cardiac arrest occurs if hyperkalemia is not corrected.
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| What is acid base balance? | The unit of measure used to describe acid base balance is pH
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| What is normal pH? | 7.35-7.45
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| Why does the body fluids must maintain an acid-base balance? | To sustain health and life.
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| How is acidity or alkalinity of solutions determined? | The concentration of hydrogen ions
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| What is the unit of measure to describe acid-base balance? | pH
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| What is pH? | Expression of hydrogen ion concentration and he resulting acidity or alkalinity of a substance.
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| What happens if a person's pH exceeds the normal range in either direction? | Will develop signs and symptoms of illness, if goes untreated= death
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| What is acidosis? | Condition characterized by an excess of hydrogen ions in ECF
pH below 7.35
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| What is acid? | substance containing hydrogen ion that can be released when necessary
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| What is alkaline or base? | substance that can accept or trap hydrogen ion
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| What is alkalosis? | occurs when there is a lack of hydrogen ion and the pH exceeds 7.45
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| How is normal pH range maintained? | Buffer system
Respiratory mechanisms
Renal mechanisms
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| How is the narrow range achieved? | Through 3 major homeostatic regulators of hydrogen ions
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| What is buffer? | Substance that prevents body fluid from becoming over acidic or alkaline. They act like a base and bind or soak up free hydrogen ions or act like an acid and release hydrogen ions when too few are present in solution
Attempts to bring body fluid as close
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