Leaving Certificate Biology
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| Autotrophic | An organism that makes it own food
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| Heterotropic | An organism that gets it food from the environment
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| Herbivores | Eats plants
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| Carnivores | Eats other animals
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| Omnivores | Eats both plants and animals
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| Mechanical Digestion | Physical break down of food i.e, mouth, stomach
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| Chemical Digestion | Breaking down of food by enzymes and stomach acid i.e. Mouth, stomach
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| Why we need a digestive system | A digestive system allow all the materials needed to process food to be located in a single place
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| Alimentary Canal | Long tube from mouth to anus
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| Ingestion | Taking food into the body
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| Digestion | Breaking down of food
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| Absorption | Movement if digested food from the gut into the blood stay by diffusion
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| Egestion | Removal of unabsorbed food from the body
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| Incisors | Uses for biting
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| Canines | Used for tearing
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| Premolars | Used for chewing
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| Molars | Used for chewing
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| What is saliva consisted of | Water
Salts
Amylase
Lysozyme
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| Peristalsis | Muscular contracting of the gut
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| Fibre | To prevent constipation we get it in fruit and vegetables and it reduces risk of colon cancer
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| Stomach | Stores food
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| Structure of the stomach | Lining of the stomach is heavily folded into millions of gastric glands.
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| The three types of cells that make the gastric glands | 1.Goblet cells
2. Zyomogen cells
3. Oxyntic cells
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| Goblet cells | Secretes mucous to prevent the stomach from digesting itself
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| Zyomogen cells | Secretes pepsinogen inactive form of pepsin
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| Oxyntic cells | Secretes HCl ( hydrochloride acid) kills bacteria
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| Gastric juices | Mucous, Pepsinogen and HCl
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| Heartburn | When HCl is over produces and moves up the Oesophagus
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| Ulcers | When mucous doesn't properly line the stomach and HCl burns a hole in it
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| Three parts of the small intestine | 1. Duodenum
2. Illeum
3. Jejenum
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| Duodenum | It is used for digestion and has many villi and microvilli which increases surface area for digestion
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| Liver | Produces bile
Breaks excess protein down into urea
Stores iron and vitamins
Emulsifies fat
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| Pancreas | Secretes insulin, produces sodium bicarbonate which neutralises chyme and also produces amylase and lipase which are sent to the duodenum
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| Gall bladder | Stores bile
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| Bile duct | Transports bile from gall bladder to the duodenum
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| When bile Emulsifies fat | Breaks them down into small droplets and this increases surface area for digestion
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| When bile contains NaHCO4 | It neutralises chyme from the stomach
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| Illeum | It is used for absorption, it has many villi. It has a villus wall which is only one cell thick and rich blood supply inside each villus
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| Hepatic portal vein | Transports nutrients such as amino acids or glucose from ilium to the liver
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| Hepatic vein | Transports wastes like urea to the kidney
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| Lacteals | This is located inside each villus and contains lymph which cleans blood. It absorbs fatty acids and glycerol and reform them into fats. The lymph then transports them back into the blood stream
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| Colon | Reabsorb water and forms faeces
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| Probiotic | Good bacteria
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| Symbiotic bacteria | Baceria that lives in another organism where at least one of them benefits
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| Uses of symbiotic bacteria | Breaks down fibre
Produces vitimins
Fights bad bacteria
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| Amylase | Converts starch to maltose, it is secreted in the salivary glands, where it works is in the mouth and the pH7
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| Pepsin | It converts protein to peptides, it is secreted in the stomach lining, we're is acts is the stomach and it has a pH of 2
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| Lipase | It converts lipids which is fatty acids and glycerol, it is secreted in the pancreas, it acts in the duodenum and pH7
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| Balance diet | A balance diet contains all food types in appropriate amounts. The total intake of food by a person is depended on their age, activity levels, gender and health
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| Four food groups | 1. Cereals, bread, potatoes
2. Fruit and vegtables
3. Milk, cheese, yogurt
4. Meat, fish, poultry
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