Environmental Systems - AP Environmental Science, Chapter 2
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| Matter | Anything that occupies space and has mass
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| Mass | A measure of the amount of matter and object contains
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| Atom | The smallest particle that can contain the chemical properties of an element
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| Element | A substance composed of atoms that cannot be broken down into smaller, simpler components
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| Periodic table | A chart of all the chemical elements currently known, organized by their chemical properties
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| Molecules | Particles containing more than one atom
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| Compounds | Molecules containing more than one element
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| Atomic number | The number of protons in the nucleus of a particular element
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| Mass number | A measurement of the total number of protons and neutrons in an element
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| Isotopes | Atoms of the same element with a different number of neutrons
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| Radioactive decay | The spontaneous release of material from the nucleus of radioactive isotopes
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| Half-life | The time it takes for one half of an original radioactive parent atom to decay
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| Covalent bond | The bond formed when elements share electrons
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| Ionic bond | A chemical bond between two oppositely charged ions
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| Hydrogen bond | A weak chemical bond that forms when hydrogen atoms that are covalently bonded to one atom are attracted to another atom on another molecule
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| Polar molecule | A molecule in which one side is more positive and the other side is more negative
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| Surface tension | A property of water that results from the cohesion of molecules at the surface of a body of water and creates a "skin" on the water's surface
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| Capillary action | A property of water that occurs when adhesion of water molecules to a surface is stronger than the cohesion between the molecules
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| Acid | A substance that contributes hydrogen ions to a solution
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| Base | A substance that contributes hydroxide ions to a solution
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| pH | The number indicating the strength of acids and bases on a scale from 0 to 14, where 7 is neutral, smaller values are acidic, and larger values are basic
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| Chemical reaction | A reaction that occurs when atoms separate from molecules or recombine with other molecules
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| Law of Conservation of Matter | Matter cannot be created or destroyed
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| Inorganic compounds | A compound that does not contain carbon
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| Organic compound | A compound that contains carbon-carbon or carbon-hydrogen bonds
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| Carbohydrates | Compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms
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| Proteins | Long chains of nitrogen-containing organic molecules known as amino acids, providing structural support, energy storage, internal transport, and defense against foreign substances
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| Nucleic acids | Organic compounds found in all living cells, forming in long chains to make DNA and RNA
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| DNA | A nucleic acid that contains the genetic material to pass to offspring
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| RNA | A nucleic acid that translates the code stored in DNA and allows for the synthesis of proteins
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| Lipids | Smaller organic molecules that do not mix with water
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| Cell | A highly organized living entity that consists of the four types of macromolecules and other substances in a watery solution, surrounded by membrane
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| Energy | The ability to do work or transfer heat
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| Electromagnetic radiation | A form of energy emitted by the sun that includes (but is not limited to) visible light ultraviolet light, and infrared energy
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| Photons | Massless packets of energy that carry electromagnetic radiation at the speed of light
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| Joule | The amount of energy used when a one-watt electrical device is turned on for one second
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| Power | The rate at which work is done
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| Potential energy | Stored energy that has not been released
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| Kinetic energy | The energy of motion
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| Chemical energy | Potential energy stored in chemical bonds
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| Temperature | The measure of the average kinetic energy of a substance
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| First Law of Thermodynamics | Energy can neither be created nor destroyed
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| Second Law of Thermodynamics | When energy is transformed, the quantity of energy remains the same, but its ability to do work diminishes
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| Energy efficiency | The ratio of the amount of work done to the total amount of energy introduced to the system
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| Energy quality | The ease with which energy can be used for work. Something has high energy quality if it exists in a concentrated form that does not take too much energy to transport (ex: gasoline).
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| Entropy | Randomness in a system
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| Open system | A system in which exchanges of matter occur across system boundaries
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| Closed system | A system in which exchanges of matter do not occur across system boundaries
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| Inputs | Additions to a system
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| Outputs | Losses from a system
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| Systems analysis | An analysis to determine inputs, outputs, and changes in a system under various conditions
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| Steady state | A state in which inputs equal outputs, so that the system is not changing over time
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| Feedback | An adjustment in input or output rates caused by changes to a system
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| Negative feedback loops | Feedback loops in which a system responds to a change by returning to its original state, or by decreasing the rate at which change is occuring
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| Positive feedback loops | A feedback loop in which a change is amplified
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