gen biology chapter 9 quiz
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| Interphase | When a cell performs its usual functions depending on its location in the body. Growth and DNA synthesis occur when the nucleus is not actively dividing
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| G1 | Growth as certain organelles double
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| S | The synthesis stage, where the chromosomes of dupicated
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| G2 | Growth as the cell prepares to divide.
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| Mitotic Stage | includes mitosis and cytokineses
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| Mitosis | nuclear division
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| Prophase | chromatin has condensed and the chromosomes are visible so nuclear division is about to occur
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| Prometaphase | preperations for sister chromatid seperation are evident
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| Metaphase | the centromeres of chromosomes are now in alignement on a single plane at the center of the cell
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| Anaphase | the two sister chromatids of each duplicated chromosomes separate at the centromere, giving rise to the two daughter chromosomes
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| telophase | the spindle disappears as new nuclear envelopes form around the daughter chromosomes
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| cytokinesis | division of the cytoplasm
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| what regulates the cell? | The three major checkpoints: G1, G2, and M checkpoints
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| Steps in apoptosis | 1- the cell rounds
2-the nucleus fragments and plasma membrane blisters
3- the cell fragments are engulfed in white blood cells and or neighboring cells and the cell dies
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| Importance of mitosis | It permits growth and replair
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| importance of apoptosis | it keeps the number of cells in the body at an appropriate level
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| difference between reproductive and theraputic cloning | reproductive- the production of a new individual
therapuetic- the production of human tissues
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| difference between cytokinesis in plant and animal cells | plant- formation of cell plate
animal- divides the cytoplasm
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| characteristics of cancer cells | non differentiated, abnormal nuclei, do not undergo apoptosis, no contact inhibition, disorganized/multilayered, and undergo metastasis
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| characteristics of non caner cells | differentiated, normal nuclei, undergo apoptosis, contact inhibition, and one organized layer
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| steps of cancer | 1-new mutations arise, one cell can start a tumor
2-one cell mutates farthur, tumar at origin
3-cancer cells now can travel throughout the body
4-new metastic tumors are found some distance from primary tumor/ cancer spread.
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| what occurs during binary fission? | two daughter cells are produced asexually that are indentical to the original parent cell
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| differences in functions of mitosis in prokaryotes and animal/plant cells? | prokaryotes- asexual repoduction
animal/plant cells- development, growth and repair
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| apoptosis | programmed cell death
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| angiogenesis | when additional mutations occuring in the tumor cells allow them to direct growth of new blood vessels into the tumor
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| asexual reproduction | when the offspring are genetically identical to the parent
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| aster | an array of microtubules that radiate toward the plasma membrane from the centrosomes
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| benign | an abnormal cell growth that is not cancerous and usually does not grow larger
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| cancer | a cellular growth disorder that occurs when cells divide uncontrollably
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| chromatid | each double helix
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| diploid(2n) | the full number of chromosomes found in all cells of the individual
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| haploid | half the diploid number
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| malignant | it is cancerous and possesses the ability to spread
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| oncogene | cancer causing gene
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| p53 | signaling protein that stops the cell cycle at the g1 checkpoint when dna is dammaged
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| telomere | ends of chromosomes
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| tumor supressor gene | code for proteins that inhibit the cell cycle and promote apoptosis
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| somatic cell | body cell that increases by cell division and decreases by apoptosis
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| kinetochore | protein complexes that develop on either side of the centromere during cell division
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| histone | involved in organizing the chromosomes
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| what is used in glycolysis | glucose, 2 NAD+, 2 ATP, 4 ADP, and 4 P
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| What is formed in glycolysis | pyruvate, 2 NADH, 2 ADP, and 4 ATP total
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| what enzymes or co enzymes are used in this stage | NADH
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| what protiens are used in glycolysis | none
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| is solar energy used in glycolosis | No
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| does chemiosmosis occur in glycolysis | no
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| where does glycolysis take place in the cell | cytoplasm
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| is oxygen needed in glycolysis | no
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| how many net atp are produced in glycolysis | 2
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| aerobic | a chemical process that requires oxygen
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| anabolism | chemical reaction in which smaller molecules are combined to form larger molecules
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| anaerobic | a chemical reaction that occurs in the absense of oxygen
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| catabolism | metabolic process that breaks down large molecules into smaller ones
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| cellular respiration | metabolic reactions that use the energy from carbohydrate, fatty acid, or amino acid breakdown to produce ATP molecules
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| chemiosmosis | process by which mitochondria and chloropasts use the energy of an electron transport chain to create a hydrogen ion gradient that drives ATP formation
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| exergonic reaction | puts off heat
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| endergonic reaction | needs heat
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| what is the chemical formula for cellular respiration | C6H12O6+6O2---->6H2O+6CO2+ATP (energy)
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| what are the reactants of cellular respiration | glucose and oxygen
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| what are the products of cellular respiration | carbon dioxide, water, and energy (ATP)
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| is cellular respiration an exergonic or endergonic reaction | endergonic
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| what role does FAD and NAD+ play in cellular respration | FAD- delivers electrons to ETC after becoming FADH2
NAD+- carries electrons to the ETC in the mitochondria
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| number of ATP in each step of cellular respiration | glycolysis- 2
prep phase- none
citric acid cycle-2
ETC- 32-36
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| number of ATP from each co enzyme | FADH2-2
NADH-3
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| what are the four phases of cellular respiration | glycolysis, prep RXN, citric acid cycle, and ETC
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| where does each phase take place | glycolysis-cytoplasm, Prep phase- mitochondria, citric acid cycle- matrix of mitochondria, and ETC- cristae of mitochondria
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| which phases are anerobic | glycolysis and fermentation
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| which phases are aerobic | prep cycle, cirtic acid cycle, and ETC
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| what is the importance of oxygen in the ETC | final electron acceptor molecule
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| importance of anabolism | builds molecule
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| importance of catabolism | breaks down molecules
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| synthesis | consumes energy
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| degredation | release of energy
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| `oxidation | loss of electrons
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| reduction | gain of electron
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