Frontiers of Biotechnology
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| restriction enzymes | enzymes that cut DNA molecules at specific nucleotide sequences
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| gel electrophoresis | when an electrical current is used to separate a mixture of DNA fragments from each other
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| restriction map | maps that show the lengths of DNA fragments between restriction sites in a strand of DNA
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| polymerase chain reaction | a technique that produces millions - or even billions - of copies of a specific DNA sequence in just a few hours
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| primer | a short segment of DNA that acts as the starting point for a new strand
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| DNA fingerprint | a representation of part of an individual's DNA that can be used to identify a person at the molecular level
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| clone | a genetically identical copy of a gene or of an organism
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| genetic engineering | the changing of an organism's DNA to give the organism new traits
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| recombinant DNA | DNA that contains genes from more than one organism
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| plasmid | closed loops of DNA that are separate from the bacterial chromosome and that replicate on their own within the cell
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| transgenic | having one or more genes from another organism inserted into one's genome
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| gene knockout | disrupting the function of a gene
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| genomics | the study of genomes, which can include the sequencing of all of an organism's DNA
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| gene sequencing | determining the order of DNA nucleotides in genes or in genomes
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| Human Genome Project | project in which the goals are to map and sequence all of the DNA base pairs of the human chromosomes and to identify all of the genes within the sequence
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| bioinformatics | the use of computer databases to organize and analyze biological data
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| DNA microarray | tools that allow scientists to study many genes, and their expressions, at once
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| proteomics | the study and comparison of all the proteins that result from an organism's genome
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| genetic screening | the process of testing DNA to determine a person's risk of having or passing on a genetic disorder
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| gene therapy | the replacement of a defective or missing gene, or the addition of a new gene, into a person's genome to treat disease
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