Photosynthesis/cellular respiration
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| Which part of a chloroplast absorbs solar energy, and which part forms a carbohydrate? | Thylakoid membrane absorbs solar energy, and carbohydrate forms in stroma.
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| The absorption spectrum of chlorophyll... | Is not the same as that of carotenoids.
Approximates the action spectrum of photosynthesis.
Explains why chlorophyll is a green pigment.
Shows that some colors of light are absorbed more than others.
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| What does a photosystem contain? | Pigments, a reaction center, and electron acceptors.
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| What are the names of parts a-e? | a. Thylakoid membrane, b. Oxygen, c. Stroma, d. Calvin cycle reactions, e. Granum.
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| What part of the chloroplast absorbs sunlight? | The thylakoid membranes absorb sunlight. They contain chlorophyll and other pigments.
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| What do light reactions use and produce? | Light reactions use solar energy to split water and produce ATP and NADPH.
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| What two molecules are produced as a result of the noncyclic electron pathway of the light reactions? | ATP and NADPH.
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| What part of the electromagnetic spectrum is utilized for photosynthesis during the light reactions? | Visible light, specifically blue and red light.
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| What is the final acceptor of electrons during the noncyclic electron pathway? | NADP+.
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| What is the function of the light reactions? | To convert light energy into a usable form of chemical energy.
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| What do Calvin cycle reactions use and produce? | Calvin cycle reactions use ATP and NADPH to reduce carbon dioxide to a carbohydrate.
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| What are three major steps of the Calvin cycle? | Carbon dioxide fixation, carbon dioxide reduction, and regeneration of RuBP.
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| What substances can a plant cell make from G3P, the product of the Calvin cycle? | Glucose, sucrose, starch, cellulose, fatty acids, glycerol, and amino acids.
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| What are the NADPH and ATP used for in the Calvin cycle? | To convert 3PG to G3P.
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| The Calvin cycle reactions... | Produce carbohydrate.
Convert one form of chemical energy into a different form of
chemical energy.
Regenerate more RuBP.
Use the products of the light reactions.
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| What energizes the electrons in the noncyclic pathway? | Solar energy.
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| Which molecule is created with the synthase protein and which one is created by the reductase protein? | ATP is created with the synthase protein and NADPH is created by the reductase protein.
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| What is reduced and what is oxidized in photosynthesis? | Carbon dioxide is reduced to a carbohydrate and water is oxidized to oxygen in photosynthesis.
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| Chemiosmosis... | Depends on complexes in the thylakoid membrane.
Depends on an electrochemical gradient.
Depends on a difference in H concentration between the thylakoid space and the stroma.
Results in ATP formation.
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| What can the glucose formed from photosynthesis create? | Starch, cellulose, lipids and oils, and proteins.
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| What is different about the location of glycolysis and fermentation compared to all other parts of cellular respiration? | Glycolysis and fermentation happen in the cytoplasm while everything else happens in the mitochondria.
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| What does the inner membrane of the mitochondria form? | The convoluted cristae.
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| Where are enzymes contained within the mitochondria and what do they do? | They are contained in the matrix and oxidize glucose while NADH and ATP are produced during the citric acid cycle.
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| Why is the inner membrane of a mitochondria invaginated? | To create greatest efficiency of ATP production.
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| What are the names of parts a-e? | a. Cristae, b. Matrix, c. Outer membrane, d. Intermembrane space, e. Inner membrane.
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| Contrast the energy-investment step of glycolysis with the energy-harvesting steps. | During the energy investment steps, ATP breakdown provides the phosphate groups to activate substrates. During the energy-harvesting steps, NADH and ATP are produced.
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| What happens to pyruvate when oxygen is not available in a cell? When it is available? | Fermentation occurs when oxygen is not available. Pyruvate enters the mitochondria for further breakdown when oxygen is available.
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| What are the drawbacks and benefits of fermentation? | Drawbacks: Most of the energy in a glucose molecule is unused and it results in a toxic end product.
Benefits: The 2 ATP gained can be used as a burst of energy.
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| An acetyl CoA enters the citric acid cycle. Where does it come from? | The acetyl CoA comes from the preparatory reaction.
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| The preparatory reaction... | Begins with pyruvate and ends with acetyl CoA.
Occurs in the mitochondria.
Occurs after glycolysis and before the citric acid cycle.
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| What are the products of the citric acid cycle per glucose breakdown? | Per glucose molecule, the citric acid cycle produces 4 CO2, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP.
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| The citric acid cycle... | Produces ATP by substrate-level ATP synthesis.
Occurs in the mitochondria.
Is a metabolic pathway, as is glycolysis.
Is also known as the Krebs cycle.
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| What is the greatest contributor of electrons to the electron transport chain? | The citric acid cycle.
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| What is the metabolic process that produces the most ATP molecules? | The electron transport chain.
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| The electron transport chain... | Is located on the cristae.
Produces more NADH than any metabolic pathway.
Contains cytochrome molecules.
Ends when oxygen accepts electrons.
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| What is reduced and what is oxidized in cellular respiration? | Oxygen is reduced to water and glucose is oxidized to carbon dioxide in cellular respiration.
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| Approximately what percentage of energy available in glucose is converted to ATP in cellular respiration? | About 39%.
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| How many ATP molecules are usually produced per NADH and how many NADH molecules are produced during the complete breakdown of one molecule of glucose? | 3 ATP molecules are usually produced per NADH and 10 NADH molecules are produced during the complete breakdown of one glucose molecule.
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| What is the name of the process that adds the third phosphate to an ADP molecule using the flow of hydrogen ions? | Chemiosmosis.
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| How much ATP is produced per glucose molecule? | 36 or 38 total ATP.
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