Learning
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| learning | the process by which experience or practice results in a relatively permanent change in behavior or potential behavior
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| classical contitioning | the type of learning in which a response naturally elicited by one stimilis comes to be elicited by a different, formaly neutral, stimulus
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| unconditioned stimulus | a stimulus that invariably causes an organism to respond in a specific way
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| unconditioned response | a response that takes place in an organism whenever an unconditioned stimulus occurs
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| conditioned stimulus | an originally neutral stimulus that is paired with an unconditioned stimulus and eventually produces the desired response in an organism when presented alone
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| conditioned response | after conditioning, the response an organism produces when a condtitioned simulus is presented
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| intermittent pairing | pairing the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus on only a portion of the learing trials
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| desensitization therapy | a conditioning technique designed to gradually reduce anxiety about a particular object
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| preparedness | a biological readiness to learn certain associations because of their survival advantages
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| conditioned taste aversion | conditioned avoidance of certain foods even if there is only one pairing of conditioned and unconditioned stimuli
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| operant conditioning | the type of learning in which behaviors are emitted to earn rewards or avoid punishments
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| operant behaviors | behaviors designed to operate on the environment in a way that will gain something desired or aviod something unpleasant
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| reinforcers | a stimuli that follows a behavior and increases the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated
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| punishers | stimuli that follows a behavior and decreases the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated
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| law of effect (principle of reinforcement) | Thorndike's theory that behavior consistently rewarded will be "stamped in" as learned behavior, and behavior that brings about discomfort will be "stamped out"
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| Skinner box | a box often used in operant conditioning of animals; it limits the available responses and thus increases the likelihood that the desired response will occur
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| shaping | reinforcing successive approximations to a desired behavior
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| positive reinforcers | events whose presence increases the likelihood that ongoing behavior will recur
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| negative reinforcers | events whose reduction or temination increases the likelihood that ongoing behavior will recur
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| punishment | any event whose presence decreases the likelihood that ongoing behavior will recur
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| avoidance training | learning a desirable behavior to prevent the occurrence of something unpleasent, such as punishment
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| learned helplessness | failure to take steps to aviod or escape from an unpleasant or aversive stimulus that occurs as a result of previous exposure to unavoidable painful stimuli
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| biofeedback | a technique that ises monitoring devices to provide precise informatioin about internal physiological process, such as heart rate or blood pressure, to teach people to gain voluntary control over these functions
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| neurofeedback | a biofeedback technique that monitors brain waves with the use of an EEG to teach people to gain voluntary control over their brain wave activity
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| contingency | a reliable "if-than" relationship between two events, such as a CS and a US
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| blocking | a process whereby prior conditioning prevents conditioning to a second stimulus even when the two stimuli are presented simultaneously
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