Nutrition
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| What is the major extracellular fluid cation? | Sodium
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| What is the primary regulator of sodium? | Kidneys
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| Water balance affects what causing an effect on BP? | Blood volume
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| What is chloride's function? | Gastric acidity
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| A salt that dissolves in H2O and dissociates and conducts electricity is what? | Electrolyte
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| The main cation intracellular fluid is what? | Potassium
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| What is the most abundant mineral in the body? | Calcium
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| What hormone regulates calcium? | Vitamin D
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| In what 3 ways is calcium regulated? | intestine: absorbs calcium
bone: releases calcium
kidney: excretes calcium
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| What occurs when calcium is too low? | Osteoblasts build new bone from extra calcium in the blood
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| What are the main sources of calcium? | Milk, milk products, green leafy vegetables, fortified OJ
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| Osteoporosis is the deficiency of what mineral? | Calcium
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| What are the functions of magnesium? | enzyme action
protein synthesis
estrogen metabolism
makes ATP
bone mineralization
smooth muscle relaxer
involves immune system
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| What mineral is involved in linking of protein? | Sulfer
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| Name the individual B vitamins | Thiamin
Riboflavin
Niacin
Biotin
Pantothenic acid
Pyroxidine
Folate
Colabalmin
Choline
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| Which vitamins are involved in the Krebs cycle? | Thiamin
Riboflavin
Folate
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| Name 3 characteristics of water soluble vitamins? | Individual units, no links
no energy
Coenzyme
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| Which water soluble vitamin is involved in the metabolism of glucose, fat, and alcohol? | Niacin
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| The function of biotin is? | energy producing pathways
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| What is required for ACoA to be made? | Pantothenic acid
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| The active form of vitamin B5 is? | P5P
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| Pyridoxine is active in what? | Transamination (transfer of amino groups)
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| Microcytic anemia is a deficiency of what B vitamin? | B6 Pyridoxine
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| Without which vitamin is folate trapped in the cell? | B12 Cobalamin
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| What are the functions of folate? | part of the coenzyme THF and DHF
involved in DNA synthesis
involved in Krebs cycle
involved in B12 metabolism
involved in gene silencing
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| What is the RDA for folate for pregnant women? Average people? | 800 mcg and 400 mcg minimally
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| What sources can folate be found? | green leafy vegetables, legumes, oranges, OJ
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| What is the synthetic form of B12? | Cyanocobalamin
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| Pernicious anemia is a deficiency of what vitamin? | Cobalamin
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| What sources is cobalamin found? | all animal products and soy
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| Name the vitamins/minerals involved in cell differentiation. | B12
Vitamin A
B7
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| What is the name of Vitamin C? | Ascrobic acid
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| What is the function of Vitamin C? | Antioxidant
Increases iron absorption
Collagen formation
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| Vitamin A plant food is converted into what? | B carotene
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| What are the three clinical application involving vitamin D? | Cancer prevention
helps decrease inflammation
involved in regulation of the immune system
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| What vitamin prevents the oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids? | Vitamin E
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| What vitamin causes blood clotting? | Vitamin K
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| What is an emulsifier? | enzyme that breaks down fat
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| Where does digestion begin? | Mouth
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| Where does absorption begin? | Small intestine
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| Where is fat digested? | Small intestine
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| Protein is digested in which organ? | Stomach
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| Metabolism of glycolysis occurs where in the cell? | Cytosol
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| What is only required in glycolysis? | Carbs
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| One glucose molecule is broken down into what? | 2 pyruvate molecules
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| Metabolism of the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain occurs where in the cell? | Mitochondria
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| How many ATPs does 1 glucose molecule produce? | 36 or 38 ATPs
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| What increases right after eating? | Lipoprotein Lipase and Insulin activity
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| Hormone sensitive lipase activity and epinephrine increases after how many hours of no food? | Fast 8-12 hours
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| Prolonged fast includes which of the following? | Gluconeogenesis
Ketone body formation
HSL increase
epinephrine increase
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| Alcohol yields how many calories? | 7
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| What happens when too much alcohol is consume? | Fatty acids accumulate then fibrosis then cirrhosis
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| Two acetyl CoA combines via condensation to create? | Acetoacetate
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| Ketone formation occurs when? | Not eating enough carbs
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| The functions of iron are what? | Part of hemoglobin in RBSs
Part of myoglobin in muscle
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| What is the factor that increases iron absorption? | HCL
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| What is the factor that decreases iron absorption? | Calcium
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| What are the functions of zinc? | Wound healing
synthesis of retina
production of sperm
antioxidant that works with vitamin A
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| What trace mineral is part of the hormone T3 and T4 | Iodine
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| What is the deficiency of iodine? | Goiter
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| Selenium is an antioxidant that works with what vitamin? | Vitamin E
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| What enzyme is selenium apart of? | Glutathione
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| What is the number one food source for selenium? | Brazilian nuts
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