PathoPharm I
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| Controlled Substance I | Heroin, LSD
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| Controlled Substance II | Morphine, cocaine, methamphetamine
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| Controlled Substance III | Codeine, anabolic steroids, hydrocodone, Percocet
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| Controlled Substance IV | Diazepam
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| Controlled Substance V | OTC cough meds with codeine
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| Parts of drug approval | Discovery, Lab Studies, Animal studies, human trials, approval
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| Pure Food and Drug Act | Regulates labeling
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| Shirley Amendment | Banned false claims about substance effects
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| Food Drug and Cosmetics Act | Must be safe and efficient
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| Five rights | Right patient, medication, dose, route, time
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| Pharmacodynamic | What the drug does to the body
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| Pharmacokinetic | What the body does to the drug (how the body handles the drug)
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| Enteral Route | Sublingual, Buccal, OGT/NGT
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| Topical Route | Skin, inhalants, transdermal, eyes/ears
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| Parental route | Intradermal, Subcutaneous, IM, IV
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| Pharmacokinetics | Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion
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| Absorption | How the drug is moved into the blood stream from the site of administration
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| Distribution | How much drug is moved into various body tissues
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| Metabolism | How drug is altered into active and inactive parts
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| Excretion | How much of the drug is removed from the body in a specific amount of time
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| Augmentation | Addition of another class of medication to supplement the effectiveness of the primary medication
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| Therapeutic effect | The desired or intended effect of a particular medication
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| Half-Life | Time is takes for the dose amount of drug in the body to decrease by 50%
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| Steady state | Means that plasma drug concentration remains relative constant between doses because excretion equals ingestion (equilibrium occurs ~ 5 half-lives of any given drug)
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| First Pass Elimination of Drug | Metabolism in liver
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| Pharmacodynamics | Therapeutic index, potency, cellular receptors
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| Category A FDA | Adequate/well-controlled studies; failed to show risk to fetus
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| Category B FDA | No adequate/well-controlled studies; Animal reproduction studies failed to show risk
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| Category C FDA | No adequate/well-controlled studies; animal reproduction show risk but benefits may outweigh risks
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| Category D FDA | Adverse reaction data from investigational studies show positive evidence of risk, but benefits may still outweigh risks
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| Category X FDA | Studies in animals/humans or investigational studies show fetal abnormalities/positive evidence and risks do not outweigh benefits
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| Route Faster to Slower | IV, IM SubQ, Intradermal
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| Onset in <5 minutes | Inhalant (MDI), Local topical effect, sublingual
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| Onset 5-15 minutes | Nebulizer (into lungs)
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| Onset 15-30 minutes | Rectal, IM
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| Onset 30-60 minutes | Oral (tablet/liquid), Topical systemic effect
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| First order Neurons | Detect sensation
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| Second order neurons | In spinal cord; transmit message to brain; spinal nerve root to medulla and crosses over to thalamus
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| Third order neurons | In brain; primary somatosensory and association cortex
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| Primary somatosensory in brain | Identifies sensation
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| Association cortex in brain | Relates sensation to memories or other sensations
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| Endogenous | Body produces (ex: insulin)
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| A and C | Two types of nerve fibers stimulated
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| A Fibers | Myelin sheath, large size, conducts fast, inhibits pain, SHARP & WELL-LOCALIZED (bee sting)
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| C Fibers | Small, conduct slowly, facilitate pain transmission, DULL & NON-LOCALIZED (cardiac pain)
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| Dorsal Horn | Point of spinal cord entry and "GATE" location
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| T cells | Control gate threshold
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| Endogenous Neurotransmitters | Enkenphalins and Endorphins (fight pain by closing gate)
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| Hyperpathia | Continued stimulation causes pain
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| Paresthesias | Spontaneous, unpleasant sensations ("growing pains")
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| Dysesthesia | Distortions of somesthetic sensations
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| Hypalgesia | Reduced pain sensation
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| Analgesia | Absence of pain
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| Allodynia | Pain after non-noxious stimulus - something pleasant becomes unpleasant (wool sweater)
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| Visceral pain | Appendicitis
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| Referred pain | Left arm pain (actually heart pain)
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| Superficial pain | Scraped knee
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| Causes of Neuropathic pain | Pressure on nerve, physical/chemical injury to nerve, infection of nerve. Ischemic, inflammation
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| Location of Opioid Receptors | CNS, periphery nerves, GI tract
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| T4 | @ nipple line
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| T10 | @ umbilicus
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| Cervical | Innervates hand
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| Sacral | Innervates groin and pinky toe
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| Bradykinin, Histamine, K, Prostaglandins, Serotonin | Released with tissue injury
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| Narcotic W/Drawal Symptoms | Increases (anxiety, runny nose, n&v, cramps, diarrhea, irritable)
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| Hydrolysis | Rxn in which large molecules broken into smaller ones (ex: chemical digestion)
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| Synthesis | Simple molecules combine to form complex molecules
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| Enzymes | Organic catalysts made of protein
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| Substrate | Molecules upon which an enzyme acts
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| Enzyme-Substrate | Lock and Key (one specific enzyme fits to only one substrate)
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| RBCS | Only mature cells w/o nucleus
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| Mucus | Keeps body from drying out
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| Viscous Mucus | Thick components that trap microbes
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| Sweat, tears, saliva | Enzyme lysozymes that break down cell walls of some bacteria
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| Phagocyte | Leukocytes that ingest and destroy pathogens by engulfing them; can't destroy viruses
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| Macrophage | big eater developed from monocyte
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| Pus | Collection of dead WBCs and fluids
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| Release of Histamines | Causes redness, swelling, pain, heat
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| Complement | Group of proteins that attach to pathogens, damage PM, and attract phagocytes
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| Interferons | protect from viruses by producing antiviral proteins that disrupt replication
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| Lymphatic System | Functions by maintaining homeostasis, absorbs fat, defends against disease
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| Lymphatic Organs | Tonsils, thymus, lymph nodes, liver, spleen, Peyer's patch on small intestine, bone marrow
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| Tongue and Tonsils | Fights bacteria and other harmful materials that enters your nose and mouth
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| Lymph nodes | Small tissue mass that holds lymphocytes; filters lymph
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| Liver/Spleen | Detect and respond to foreign substances in bloods, destroys worn-out RBCs
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| Thymus Gland | Location where lymphocytes mature and become cells that fight specific pathogens
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| Thymus Gland Size | More prominent in nwb and young children; decreases in size after puberty
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| Allergens | Cause mast cells to release histamines
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| Autoimmune diseases | Makes mistake and attacks body's own cells
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| Types of Autoimmune Disease | Type I Diabetes, Rheumatoid arthritis, Myasthenia gravis, Multiple sclerosis
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| Type I Diabetes | Attacks insulin producing cells
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| Rheumatoid Arthritis | CT in joints
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| Myasthenia Gravis | Neuromuscular junctions
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| Multiple sclerosis | Neurons in brain and spinal cord
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| Immunodeficiency Disease | Immune system fails to develop normally or the immune system is destroyed
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| SCIDS | Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Syndrome
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