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Unit 1
PathoPharm I
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Controlled Substance I | Heroin, LSD |
| Controlled Substance II | Morphine, cocaine, methamphetamine |
| Controlled Substance III | Codeine, anabolic steroids, hydrocodone, Percocet |
| Controlled Substance IV | Diazepam |
| Controlled Substance V | OTC cough meds with codeine |
| Parts of drug approval | Discovery, Lab Studies, Animal studies, human trials, approval |
| Pure Food and Drug Act | Regulates labeling |
| Shirley Amendment | Banned false claims about substance effects |
| Food Drug and Cosmetics Act | Must be safe and efficient |
| Five rights | Right patient, medication, dose, route, time |
| Pharmacodynamic | What the drug does to the body |
| Pharmacokinetic | What the body does to the drug (how the body handles the drug) |
| Enteral Route | Sublingual, Buccal, OGT/NGT |
| Topical Route | Skin, inhalants, transdermal, eyes/ears |
| Parental route | Intradermal, Subcutaneous, IM, IV |
| Pharmacokinetics | Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion |
| Absorption | How the drug is moved into the blood stream from the site of administration |
| Distribution | How much drug is moved into various body tissues |
| Metabolism | How drug is altered into active and inactive parts |
| Excretion | How much of the drug is removed from the body in a specific amount of time |
| Augmentation | Addition of another class of medication to supplement the effectiveness of the primary medication |
| Therapeutic effect | The desired or intended effect of a particular medication |
| Half-Life | Time is takes for the dose amount of drug in the body to decrease by 50% |
| Steady state | Means that plasma drug concentration remains relative constant between doses because excretion equals ingestion (equilibrium occurs ~ 5 half-lives of any given drug) |
| First Pass Elimination of Drug | Metabolism in liver |
| Pharmacodynamics | Therapeutic index, potency, cellular receptors |
| Category A FDA | Adequate/well-controlled studies; failed to show risk to fetus |
| Category B FDA | No adequate/well-controlled studies; Animal reproduction studies failed to show risk |
| Category C FDA | No adequate/well-controlled studies; animal reproduction show risk but benefits may outweigh risks |
| Category D FDA | Adverse reaction data from investigational studies show positive evidence of risk, but benefits may still outweigh risks |
| Category X FDA | Studies in animals/humans or investigational studies show fetal abnormalities/positive evidence and risks do not outweigh benefits |
| Route Faster to Slower | IV, IM SubQ, Intradermal |
| Onset in <5 minutes | Inhalant (MDI), Local topical effect, sublingual |
| Onset 5-15 minutes | Nebulizer (into lungs) |
| Onset 15-30 minutes | Rectal, IM |
| Onset 30-60 minutes | Oral (tablet/liquid), Topical systemic effect |
| First order Neurons | Detect sensation |
| Second order neurons | In spinal cord; transmit message to brain; spinal nerve root to medulla and crosses over to thalamus |
| Third order neurons | In brain; primary somatosensory and association cortex |
| Primary somatosensory in brain | Identifies sensation |
| Association cortex in brain | Relates sensation to memories or other sensations |
| Endogenous | Body produces (ex: insulin) |
| A and C | Two types of nerve fibers stimulated |
| A Fibers | Myelin sheath, large size, conducts fast, inhibits pain, SHARP & WELL-LOCALIZED (bee sting) |
| C Fibers | Small, conduct slowly, facilitate pain transmission, DULL & NON-LOCALIZED (cardiac pain) |
| Dorsal Horn | Point of spinal cord entry and "GATE" location |
| T cells | Control gate threshold |
| Endogenous Neurotransmitters | Enkenphalins and Endorphins (fight pain by closing gate) |
| Hyperpathia | Continued stimulation causes pain |
| Paresthesias | Spontaneous, unpleasant sensations ("growing pains") |
| Dysesthesia | Distortions of somesthetic sensations |
| Hypalgesia | Reduced pain sensation |
| Analgesia | Absence of pain |
| Allodynia | Pain after non-noxious stimulus - something pleasant becomes unpleasant (wool sweater) |
| Visceral pain | Appendicitis |
| Referred pain | Left arm pain (actually heart pain) |
| Superficial pain | Scraped knee |
| Causes of Neuropathic pain | Pressure on nerve, physical/chemical injury to nerve, infection of nerve. Ischemic, inflammation |
| Location of Opioid Receptors | CNS, periphery nerves, GI tract |
| T4 | @ nipple line |
| T10 | @ umbilicus |
| Cervical | Innervates hand |
| Sacral | Innervates groin and pinky toe |
| Bradykinin, Histamine, K, Prostaglandins, Serotonin | Released with tissue injury |
| Narcotic W/Drawal Symptoms | Increases (anxiety, runny nose, n&v, cramps, diarrhea, irritable) |
| Hydrolysis | Rxn in which large molecules broken into smaller ones (ex: chemical digestion) |
| Synthesis | Simple molecules combine to form complex molecules |
| Enzymes | Organic catalysts made of protein |
| Substrate | Molecules upon which an enzyme acts |
| Enzyme-Substrate | Lock and Key (one specific enzyme fits to only one substrate) |
| RBCS | Only mature cells w/o nucleus |
| Mucus | Keeps body from drying out |
| Viscous Mucus | Thick components that trap microbes |
| Sweat, tears, saliva | Enzyme lysozymes that break down cell walls of some bacteria |
| Phagocyte | Leukocytes that ingest and destroy pathogens by engulfing them; can't destroy viruses |
| Macrophage | big eater developed from monocyte |
| Pus | Collection of dead WBCs and fluids |
| Release of Histamines | Causes redness, swelling, pain, heat |
| Complement | Group of proteins that attach to pathogens, damage PM, and attract phagocytes |
| Interferons | protect from viruses by producing antiviral proteins that disrupt replication |
| Lymphatic System | Functions by maintaining homeostasis, absorbs fat, defends against disease |
| Lymphatic Organs | Tonsils, thymus, lymph nodes, liver, spleen, Peyer's patch on small intestine, bone marrow |
| Tongue and Tonsils | Fights bacteria and other harmful materials that enters your nose and mouth |
| Lymph nodes | Small tissue mass that holds lymphocytes; filters lymph |
| Liver/Spleen | Detect and respond to foreign substances in bloods, destroys worn-out RBCs |
| Thymus Gland | Location where lymphocytes mature and become cells that fight specific pathogens |
| Thymus Gland Size | More prominent in nwb and young children; decreases in size after puberty |
| Allergens | Cause mast cells to release histamines |
| Autoimmune diseases | Makes mistake and attacks body's own cells |
| Types of Autoimmune Disease | Type I Diabetes, Rheumatoid arthritis, Myasthenia gravis, Multiple sclerosis |
| Type I Diabetes | Attacks insulin producing cells |
| Rheumatoid Arthritis | CT in joints |
| Myasthenia Gravis | Neuromuscular junctions |
| Multiple sclerosis | Neurons in brain and spinal cord |
| Immunodeficiency Disease | Immune system fails to develop normally or the immune system is destroyed |
| SCIDS | Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Syndrome |
Created by:
TedMed
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