Criminology
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| Social Harm |
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| Relationship of social harm and what is considered to be criminal acts |
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| Criminal law and characteristics | Between person and state and has higher standard of proof
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| Civil law and statues | Between 2 people and only a monetary fine
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| Felonies | 1 year or > in prison
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| Misdemeanors | 1 year or < in jail
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| Differences between Felonies and Misdemeanors |
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| Arguments that crime is a social construction |
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| How definitions of crime vary cross-culturally |
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| Contextual nature of crime (how context influences what we consider to be a crime) |
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| Intent and its importance |
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| mens reas | criminal intent/ state of mind
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| Theories about how society defines what a crime is or not |
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| Value-consensus key points and assumptions | (Durkheim) society often has a collective consensus surrounding people's morals or values. The state is not neutral.
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| Collective consciousness | The set of shared beliefs, ideas and moral attitudes which operate as a unifying force within society.
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| Pros and cons of value consensus view |
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| Conflict Theory | It proposes that laws and norms reflect the interests of powerful members of society. In other words, social order is maintained through competition and conflict, and the 'winners' - those with the most power and the greatest economic and social resources
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| Chambliss' discussion involving political phenomenon |
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| Chambliss' discussion of if the state is value-neutral or not |
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| Pros and cons of conflict Theory |
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| Hagan's Theory and views about what gets defined as crime or not |
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| Hagan's views about crime w/ public consensus versus crimes w/ public disconsensus |
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| Examples of crimes with a public consensus |
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| Examples of crimes with public disconsensus |
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| 3 main types of quantitative data about crime and criminals | UCR, Self report surveys, NCVS
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| Official data from law enforcement agencies | UCR
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| Victimization surveys | They ask the victims to report crimes against them.
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| self-report surveys | asks if you have committed a crime.
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| Index crimes | willful homicide, forcible rape, robbery, burglary, aggravated assault, larceny over $50, motor vehicle theft, and arson
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| Non-Index Crimes | what isn't reported by the UCR
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| Strengths and weaknesses of UCR |
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| NCVS (who collects, where does it come from) |
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| Strengths and weaknesses of NCVS | Pros- picks up more crime, gives more info on crime Cons- say more serious than the crime is, selective memory, lying, under reporting
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| Problems in comparing UCR and NCVS and differences |
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| Amount of crime reported by UCR vs NCVS |
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| The dark figure of crime | Unreported and undiscovered crime.
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| Examples of self-report surveys and strengths and weaknesses | Pros- anonymous, gets at certain crimes others don't. Cons- lying/ under reporting. i.e national institute of drug surveys
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| Participant observation |
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| Value of field research (see Cromwell's "Preface") |
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| Different ways of locating subjects for qualitative research |
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| Snowball sampling | you start with 1 person and get more people through them
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| Advantages and disadvantages of quantitative methods |
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| Advantages and disadvantages of qualitative methods |
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| Trends in US crime rates |
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| Trends in US incarceration rates and when did they spike |
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| Why does US have such high rates of incarceration rates compared to other countries |
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| Violent crimes and interpersonal violence | something that causes physical or emotional harm.
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| assault | physical or emotional harm of another NOT resulting in death
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| Age group and gender likely to be involved with assault |
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| Age group and gender likely to be assaulted |
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| Common victim/offender relationships in murders | often involving strangers
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| different types of murder | Homicide and manslaughter
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| manslaughter vs. homocide | homicide premeditated and planned out. Manslaughter has not intent and can be involuntary(gross negligence) or voluntary(know what you are doing).
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| serial murder | Has to have at least 3 separate incidents of murder.
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| 4 types of serial murderers | Visionary: have visions and think they need to kill, mission-oriented: mission in life is to kill certain types of people who they discriminate against, hedonistic: pleasure of killing, power-oriented: get satisfaction from exerting power over victims.
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| spree killings and different types | 2 or more people killed in one incident. Domestic(kills family or lovers and this is very common) and Rampage(shooting a place up).
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| rampage killings | involves both genders and is when a person chooses to attack a place such as school shootings.
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| rape |
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| who are rapists and who is likely to be raped |
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| extent of rape |
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| Common victim/offender relationships in rape |
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| Why is rape underreported |
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| On average, how planned out are rapes |
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| legal definitions of rape (old vs. new) |
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| Types of nonphysical coercion and threats |
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| double victimization |
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| institutional settings in which sexual assault occurs |
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| causes of rape on college campuses |
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| the role of alcohol and rape on college campuses |
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| Theories about why people commit rape (strengths and weaknesses) |
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| Theories arguing victims precipitate or provoke rape |
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| feminist theories about rape |
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| Techniques of neutralization and examples |
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| domestic violence and the types |
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| Extent of domestic violence |
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| Who is most likely the victim |
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| When women leave abusive relationships (victimization process) |
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| hate crimes | has to be charged w/ another type of crime. Against specific groups of people(race, sexual orientation, etc...)
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| property crimes |
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| Extent of property crime |
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| robbery | the person is present during the taking of items
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| burglary | the person is not present during the unlawful entry
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| larceny | taking of someone else's property without threat and somewhere outside of the home
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| motor vehicle theft |
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| arson |
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| cybercrime and identity theft |
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| Links between property crime and formal, legal sector |
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| fencing and fences |
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| 6 categories of receivers | professional fences, part-time fences, professionals who trade services for stolen property, neighborhood hustlers, drug dealers who barter drugs for stolen property, and amateurs.
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| professional vs part-time fences |
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| Motives for committing property crime |
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| instrumental vs non-instrumental motives for committing property crime |
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| reasons for shoplifting (Ray and hooper) |
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| victimless crimes and examples |
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| Arrest percentage for victimless crimes |
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| Why police rely on undercover cops and informants to bust drug dealers |
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| Police Corruption |
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| Prostitution and different types |
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| Violence against Prostitition |
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| Rape myths |
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| Cocaine trade |
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| Cultivation of coca |
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| Processing of cocaine |
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| Transportation of cocaine |
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| Different ways that Mexican drug traffickers smuggle cocaine |
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| Introduction of crack in 1980s and market diversification |
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| cocaine distribution within US |
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| Different types of drug dealers |
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| Money laundering |
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| Links between legal and illegal sector of cocaine and heroin |
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| Why do some types of dealers make more money than others |
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| Middle-class cocaine dealers (Waldorf and Murphy) |
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| hierarchies in methamphetamine groups |
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| US Drug Policy |
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| eradication | Getting rid of the plant
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| kingpin strategy | Taking out the heads of the drug organizations
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| interdiction | trying to prevent drugs from getting into the US
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| arresting users and dealers | Normally only street users and dealers get arrested, and they make the least amount of money
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| problems with US drug policy | There are many ways around it and you only need one person to look away.
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| balloon effect | when you suppress something in one area, it pops up in another area
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| legits | young men who walked away from the gang.
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| homeboys | majority of all adult gang members
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| dope fiends | gang members who are addicted to cocaine.
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| new jacks | Chose the dope game as a career.
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| Problems in defining who is a gang member or not |
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| Criminal penalties of being identified as a gang member in california |
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| Organized crime |
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| Myths about organized crime |
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| Theories of organized crime and strengths and weaknesses |
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| Difficulties prosecuting organized crime |
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| RICO and its critiques and uses |
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| White Collar crime |
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| Most common definition of white collar crime by criminologists |
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| Types of white collar crime |
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| Examples of white collar crime |
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| How job and type of job affects opportunities to commit white-collar crime |
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| Extent of white collar crime and harm |
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| Deaths resulting from White collar crime |
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| Why white collar crime is underreported |
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| difficulties in investigating white-collar crime |
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| Why commit white collar crime |
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| How white collar criminals view themselves |
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| Excuses and rationalizations of white collar crime |
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