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Criminology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Social Harm | |
| Relationship of social harm and what is considered to be criminal acts | |
| Criminal law and characteristics | Between person and state and has higher standard of proof |
| Civil law and statues | Between 2 people and only a monetary fine |
| Felonies | 1 year or > in prison |
| Misdemeanors | 1 year or < in jail |
| Differences between Felonies and Misdemeanors | |
| Arguments that crime is a social construction | |
| How definitions of crime vary cross-culturally | |
| Contextual nature of crime (how context influences what we consider to be a crime) | |
| Intent and its importance | |
| mens reas | criminal intent/ state of mind |
| Theories about how society defines what a crime is or not | |
| Value-consensus key points and assumptions | (Durkheim) society often has a collective consensus surrounding people's morals or values. The state is not neutral. |
| Collective consciousness | The set of shared beliefs, ideas and moral attitudes which operate as a unifying force within society. |
| Pros and cons of value consensus view | |
| Conflict Theory | It proposes that laws and norms reflect the interests of powerful members of society. In other words, social order is maintained through competition and conflict, and the 'winners' - those with the most power and the greatest economic and social resources |
| Chambliss' discussion involving political phenomenon | |
| Chambliss' discussion of if the state is value-neutral or not | |
| Pros and cons of conflict Theory | |
| Hagan's Theory and views about what gets defined as crime or not | |
| Hagan's views about crime w/ public consensus versus crimes w/ public disconsensus | |
| Examples of crimes with a public consensus | |
| Examples of crimes with public disconsensus | |
| 3 main types of quantitative data about crime and criminals | UCR, Self report surveys, NCVS |
| Official data from law enforcement agencies | UCR |
| Victimization surveys | They ask the victims to report crimes against them. |
| self-report surveys | asks if you have committed a crime. |
| Index crimes | willful homicide, forcible rape, robbery, burglary, aggravated assault, larceny over $50, motor vehicle theft, and arson |
| Non-Index Crimes | what isn't reported by the UCR |
| Strengths and weaknesses of UCR | |
| NCVS (who collects, where does it come from) | |
| Strengths and weaknesses of NCVS | Pros- picks up more crime, gives more info on crime Cons- say more serious than the crime is, selective memory, lying, under reporting |
| Problems in comparing UCR and NCVS and differences | |
| Amount of crime reported by UCR vs NCVS | |
| The dark figure of crime | Unreported and undiscovered crime. |
| Examples of self-report surveys and strengths and weaknesses | Pros- anonymous, gets at certain crimes others don't. Cons- lying/ under reporting. i.e national institute of drug surveys |
| Participant observation | |
| Value of field research (see Cromwell's "Preface") | |
| Different ways of locating subjects for qualitative research | |
| Snowball sampling | you start with 1 person and get more people through them |
| Advantages and disadvantages of quantitative methods | |
| Advantages and disadvantages of qualitative methods | |
| Trends in US crime rates | |
| Trends in US incarceration rates and when did they spike | |
| Why does US have such high rates of incarceration rates compared to other countries | |
| Violent crimes and interpersonal violence | something that causes physical or emotional harm. |
| assault | physical or emotional harm of another NOT resulting in death |
| Age group and gender likely to be involved with assault | |
| Age group and gender likely to be assaulted | |
| Common victim/offender relationships in murders | often involving strangers |
| different types of murder | Homicide and manslaughter |
| manslaughter vs. homocide | homicide premeditated and planned out. Manslaughter has not intent and can be involuntary(gross negligence) or voluntary(know what you are doing). |
| serial murder | Has to have at least 3 separate incidents of murder. |
| 4 types of serial murderers | Visionary: have visions and think they need to kill, mission-oriented: mission in life is to kill certain types of people who they discriminate against, hedonistic: pleasure of killing, power-oriented: get satisfaction from exerting power over victims. |
| spree killings and different types | 2 or more people killed in one incident. Domestic(kills family or lovers and this is very common) and Rampage(shooting a place up). |
| rampage killings | involves both genders and is when a person chooses to attack a place such as school shootings. |
| rape | |
| who are rapists and who is likely to be raped | |
| extent of rape | |
| Common victim/offender relationships in rape | |
| Why is rape underreported | |
| On average, how planned out are rapes | |
| legal definitions of rape (old vs. new) | |
| Types of nonphysical coercion and threats | |
| double victimization | |
| institutional settings in which sexual assault occurs | |
| causes of rape on college campuses | |
| the role of alcohol and rape on college campuses | |
| Theories about why people commit rape (strengths and weaknesses) | |
| Theories arguing victims precipitate or provoke rape | |
| feminist theories about rape | |
| Techniques of neutralization and examples | |
| domestic violence and the types | |
| Extent of domestic violence | |
| Who is most likely the victim | |
| When women leave abusive relationships (victimization process) | |
| hate crimes | has to be charged w/ another type of crime. Against specific groups of people(race, sexual orientation, etc...) |
| property crimes | |
| Extent of property crime | |
| robbery | the person is present during the taking of items |
| burglary | the person is not present during the unlawful entry |
| larceny | taking of someone else's property without threat and somewhere outside of the home |
| motor vehicle theft | |
| arson | |
| cybercrime and identity theft | |
| Links between property crime and formal, legal sector | |
| fencing and fences | |
| 6 categories of receivers | professional fences, part-time fences, professionals who trade services for stolen property, neighborhood hustlers, drug dealers who barter drugs for stolen property, and amateurs. |
| professional vs part-time fences | |
| Motives for committing property crime | |
| instrumental vs non-instrumental motives for committing property crime | |
| reasons for shoplifting (Ray and hooper) | |
| victimless crimes and examples | |
| Arrest percentage for victimless crimes | |
| Why police rely on undercover cops and informants to bust drug dealers | |
| Police Corruption | |
| Prostitution and different types | |
| Violence against Prostitition | |
| Rape myths | |
| Cocaine trade | |
| Cultivation of coca | |
| Processing of cocaine | |
| Transportation of cocaine | |
| Different ways that Mexican drug traffickers smuggle cocaine | |
| Introduction of crack in 1980s and market diversification | |
| cocaine distribution within US | |
| Different types of drug dealers | |
| Money laundering | |
| Links between legal and illegal sector of cocaine and heroin | |
| Why do some types of dealers make more money than others | |
| Middle-class cocaine dealers (Waldorf and Murphy) | |
| hierarchies in methamphetamine groups | |
| US Drug Policy | |
| eradication | Getting rid of the plant |
| kingpin strategy | Taking out the heads of the drug organizations |
| interdiction | trying to prevent drugs from getting into the US |
| arresting users and dealers | Normally only street users and dealers get arrested, and they make the least amount of money |
| problems with US drug policy | There are many ways around it and you only need one person to look away. |
| balloon effect | when you suppress something in one area, it pops up in another area |
| legits | young men who walked away from the gang. |
| homeboys | majority of all adult gang members |
| dope fiends | gang members who are addicted to cocaine. |
| new jacks | Chose the dope game as a career. |
| Problems in defining who is a gang member or not | |
| Criminal penalties of being identified as a gang member in california | |
| Organized crime | |
| Myths about organized crime | |
| Theories of organized crime and strengths and weaknesses | |
| Difficulties prosecuting organized crime | |
| RICO and its critiques and uses | |
| White Collar crime | |
| Most common definition of white collar crime by criminologists | |
| Types of white collar crime | |
| Examples of white collar crime | |
| How job and type of job affects opportunities to commit white-collar crime | |
| Extent of white collar crime and harm | |
| Deaths resulting from White collar crime | |
| Why white collar crime is underreported | |
| difficulties in investigating white-collar crime | |
| Why commit white collar crime | |
| How white collar criminals view themselves | |
| Excuses and rationalizations of white collar crime |
Created by:
kerrierae4
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