chapter 2 test
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| what do nucleotides require | nitrogenous base, ribo sugar, and at least one phosphate
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| adenine | nucleotide with ribose and at least one phosphate,
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| ribose | 5 carbon sugar
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| why do they call adenine a nitrogenous base | alot of nitrogens
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| ATP | has three phosphates
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| when you remove molecule you have | ADP
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| remove two molecules you have | AMP
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| energy for cellular function comes from | high energy phosphate bond that holds a third phosphate group on to the ATP molecule when its broken energy is released and used for chemical reactions within the cell
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| energy molecule that drives cells | ATP
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| process of phosphorlation | can be converted back to ATP when the third phosphate is restored
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| phosphorlation | the addition of a phosphate molecule to ADP to make ATP
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| purines | double two ring molecule
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| base purine rules | purine will always pair with a pyrimidine held together by a hydrogen bond
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| RNA | Ribo Nucleic acid, nucleotide, single stranded nucleic acid
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| DNA | Deoxy Ribo nucleic acid,double stranded
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| Why is DNA diffrent | its missing a oxygen
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| what are the functions of nucleic acids | contain all the cells genetic info,and determine all the heridible characteristicsof an organism or a cell and pass that from generation to generations direct synthesis of proteins
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| .Which of the following is the best description of a gene? | A sequence of DNA nucleotides that codes for a single protein
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| purines | double two ring molecule
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| base purine rules | purine will always pair with a pyrimidine held together by a hydrogen bond
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| RNA | Ribo Nucleic acid, nucleotide, single stranded nucleic acid
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| DNA | Deoxy Ribo nucleic acid,double stranded
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| Why is DNA diffrent | its missing a oxygen
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| what are the functions of nucleic acids | contain all the cells genetic info,and determine all the heridible characteristicsof an organism or a cell and pass that from generation to generations direct synthesis of proteins
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| .Which of the following is the best description of a gene? | A sequence of DNA nucleotides that codes for a single protein
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| purines pair with | pyrimidines
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| adenine base pairs with | thymine
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| cytosine base pairs with | guanine
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| The exact point where nucleotides are being added to growing daughter strands during DNA replication are called: | replication fork
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| Which of the following is a characteristic of the origin? | The origin is rich in A-T pairs.
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| .If a particular short DNA sequence is AGATTC, the corresponding RNA sequence will be: | UCUAAG.
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| A bacterial population is in the log phase and the growth curve for population is plotted if environmental conditions suddenly improve | Growth curve will rise more steeply
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| During stationary phase of microbial growth | The rate of new cell division is approximately equal to cell death rate
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| Generation time can be defined as | Time between cell division
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| At what point does carbon fixation occur in photosynthesis | Calvin cycle
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| proteins are composed of | amino acids and caboxyl group
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| R group | protein of amino acids joined by peptide bonds
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| Metabolism | the sum of all the chemical processes carried out in the cell
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| what are the product of the light reactions in photosynthesis | NADPH and ATP
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| When photosynthetic organisms make biological molecules they use carbon atoms from | carbon dioxide
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| organisms that can use light as a source of energy to make biological molecules are called | photoautotrophs
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| in the absence of sufficient glucose | fats can provide an alternative source of energy for ATP production
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| if the appropiate final electron acceptor is not present the pyruvate that was formed at the end of the glycolysis is reduced why | to regenerate NAD+
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| what happens to the protons that are pumped across a membrane in electron transport | they move back across the membrane through the ATP synthase complex
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| The oxidation of biological molecules in cell respiration is completed in | krebs cycle
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| During glycolysis the electrons lost by biological molecules are used to reduce | NAD+
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| when biological molecules are oxidized in cell respiration the principle source of electrons is | oxygen hydrogen bonds
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| when a redox reaction occurs | the transferred electrons had more energy with the molecule that was oxidized
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| ATP is an energy rich molecule because | the bonds between the phosphate groups are unstable
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| If a chemical reaction releases energy that reaction can be described as | exergonic reaction
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| The cellular process of linking chemical building blocks together into macromolecules is called | polymerization
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| what is Catabolism | process of breaking molecules apart
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| Biological oxidations often involve which of the following | loss of hydrogen atom
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| NAD+, FAD, and NADP+ are all examples of | electron carriers
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| the activation of a chemical recation | is lower in the precense of an enzyme
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| What affects the activity of a enzyme | pH, temperature, and the amount of subtrate available to them
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| Substance that resembles the normal subtrate competes with the subtrates for the active site | competitive inhibition
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| Major function of fermentation | regenerates NAD+ for glycolysis
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| Beta oxidation is the method of catabolizing which molecule | fatty acids
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| in the eukaryotic cells what are the following processes that occur in the mitchodrion | Beta oxidation, krebs cycle, and electron transport
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| what occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell | glycolysis
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| Generates NADH and FADH2 from the oxidation of acetyl-Coa | Function of krebs cycle
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| what is the purpose of calvin benson cycle | it produces glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate by fixation of CO2 molecules
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| Folic acid is a precursor molecule necessary for the synthesis of | nucleotides
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| ribozymes are enzymes made out of | RNA
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| Since most proteins are to large to cross the cytoplasmic membrane prokaryotic begin catabolism by secreting what into their enviroment | proteases
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| the photosynthetic memvranes that are similiar to mitochondrial membranes in both structure and function are called | thylakoids
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| chemical reactions that can proceed in either a catobolic ar an anabolic direction are known as | amphibolic reactions
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| the process by which inorganic phosphate is attached to an ADP molecule using the energy produced by redox reactions | oxidative
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| Nucleotides are composed of | phosphate group, pentose sugar, and a nitrogenous base
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| Ribosomes are made of | protein and RNA
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| Ribosomes are found in | cytoplasm of eukaryotic cell
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| ribosomes are composed of | two subunits a small and large subunit
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| the amino acid sequence of a protein constitutes its | primary structure
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| Another term for biosynthesis | anabolismform of metaolism in which large molecules are converted into small
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| form of metaolism in which large molecules are converted into small molecules | catobolism
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| lowers the activation energy required for a chemical reaction | enzyme
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| An enzyme is | pH and heat labile
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| where the active site is located | apoenzyme
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| To digest cellulose in its enviroment a fungus produces | exoenzymes
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| energy in biological systems is primarily |
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| energy is carried from catobolic to anabolic reactions in the form of | high energy ATP bonds
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| Release potential energy | exergonic reactions
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| reduced compound | NADH
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| Most oxidation reactions in microbial bioenergetis involve the | removal of electrons and hydrogens
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| products of glycolysis | ATP and H2O
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| Fermentation of a glucose gives off a net number of ATP'S | 2
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| Complete oxidation of glucose in aerobic respiration yields a net output of ATP | 38
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| compound that enters the TCA cycle from glycolysis | pyruvic acid
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| ATP synthase complexes can generate how many ATP'S for each NADH that enters electron transport | 3
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| In aerobic respiration the terminal electron acceptor is | oxygen
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| The reactions of the cell that are carried out for capturing energy are called | catobolism
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| reaction where small precursor molecules are assembled into lareger organic molecules | anabolism
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| as the electron flow throught the chains much of their free energy is conserved in the form of ATP this is called | oxidative phosphorylation
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| what are the following causes for enzyme denaturization | pH, Subtrate, and temp increase
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| anaerobic respiration occurs in what | clostridium, bacillus, and psuedmonas
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| which of the following occurs in the cell membrane | aerobic respiration, anarobic respiration
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| If a codon in a sequence of DNA has the bases of TCT, what is the tRNA anticodon | AGA
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| which of the following methods of ntransferring genetic material requires cell to cell contact | conjugation
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| During which phas of the growth curvee is cell reproduction most active | log
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| what term refers to the transfer of DNA from one cell to another via bacteriophage | transduction
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| binds to the same active site as a subtrate | competitive inhibitor
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| ATP with three phosphate groups | nucleoside
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| Adenosine monophosphate AMP | consist of adenine ring, ribose, and one phosphate group
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| ADP | same base and sugar but two phosphate groups
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| ATP | has same base and sugar but three phosphate groups
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| Phosphate bonds contain | alot of energy which is released when broken
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| what bond has the greatest amount of energy | pyrophosphate bond
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| Heterotrophs | organisms that can make organic compounds from inorganic sources
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| Atp is produced by | autotrophs during photosynthesis
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