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Microbiology
chapter 2 test
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what do nucleotides require | nitrogenous base, ribo sugar, and at least one phosphate |
| adenine | nucleotide with ribose and at least one phosphate, |
| ribose | 5 carbon sugar |
| why do they call adenine a nitrogenous base | alot of nitrogens |
| ATP | has three phosphates |
| when you remove molecule you have | ADP |
| remove two molecules you have | AMP |
| energy for cellular function comes from | high energy phosphate bond that holds a third phosphate group on to the ATP molecule when its broken energy is released and used for chemical reactions within the cell |
| energy molecule that drives cells | ATP |
| process of phosphorlation | can be converted back to ATP when the third phosphate is restored |
| phosphorlation | the addition of a phosphate molecule to ADP to make ATP |
| purines | double two ring molecule |
| base purine rules | purine will always pair with a pyrimidine held together by a hydrogen bond |
| RNA | Ribo Nucleic acid, nucleotide, single stranded nucleic acid |
| DNA | Deoxy Ribo nucleic acid,double stranded |
| Why is DNA diffrent | its missing a oxygen |
| what are the functions of nucleic acids | contain all the cells genetic info,and determine all the heridible characteristicsof an organism or a cell and pass that from generation to generations direct synthesis of proteins |
| .Which of the following is the best description of a gene? | A sequence of DNA nucleotides that codes for a single protein |
| purines | double two ring molecule |
| base purine rules | purine will always pair with a pyrimidine held together by a hydrogen bond |
| RNA | Ribo Nucleic acid, nucleotide, single stranded nucleic acid |
| DNA | Deoxy Ribo nucleic acid,double stranded |
| Why is DNA diffrent | its missing a oxygen |
| what are the functions of nucleic acids | contain all the cells genetic info,and determine all the heridible characteristicsof an organism or a cell and pass that from generation to generations direct synthesis of proteins |
| .Which of the following is the best description of a gene? | A sequence of DNA nucleotides that codes for a single protein |
| purines pair with | pyrimidines |
| adenine base pairs with | thymine |
| cytosine base pairs with | guanine |
| The exact point where nucleotides are being added to growing daughter strands during DNA replication are called: | replication fork |
| Which of the following is a characteristic of the origin? | The origin is rich in A-T pairs. |
| .If a particular short DNA sequence is AGATTC, the corresponding RNA sequence will be: | UCUAAG. |
| A bacterial population is in the log phase and the growth curve for population is plotted if environmental conditions suddenly improve | Growth curve will rise more steeply |
| During stationary phase of microbial growth | The rate of new cell division is approximately equal to cell death rate |
| Generation time can be defined as | Time between cell division |
| At what point does carbon fixation occur in photosynthesis | Calvin cycle |
| proteins are composed of | amino acids and caboxyl group |
| R group | protein of amino acids joined by peptide bonds |
| Metabolism | the sum of all the chemical processes carried out in the cell |
| what are the product of the light reactions in photosynthesis | NADPH and ATP |
| When photosynthetic organisms make biological molecules they use carbon atoms from | carbon dioxide |
| organisms that can use light as a source of energy to make biological molecules are called | photoautotrophs |
| in the absence of sufficient glucose | fats can provide an alternative source of energy for ATP production |
| if the appropiate final electron acceptor is not present the pyruvate that was formed at the end of the glycolysis is reduced why | to regenerate NAD+ |
| what happens to the protons that are pumped across a membrane in electron transport | they move back across the membrane through the ATP synthase complex |
| The oxidation of biological molecules in cell respiration is completed in | krebs cycle |
| During glycolysis the electrons lost by biological molecules are used to reduce | NAD+ |
| when biological molecules are oxidized in cell respiration the principle source of electrons is | oxygen hydrogen bonds |
| when a redox reaction occurs | the transferred electrons had more energy with the molecule that was oxidized |
| ATP is an energy rich molecule because | the bonds between the phosphate groups are unstable |
| If a chemical reaction releases energy that reaction can be described as | exergonic reaction |
| The cellular process of linking chemical building blocks together into macromolecules is called | polymerization |
| what is Catabolism | process of breaking molecules apart |
| Biological oxidations often involve which of the following | loss of hydrogen atom |
| NAD+, FAD, and NADP+ are all examples of | electron carriers |
| the activation of a chemical recation | is lower in the precense of an enzyme |
| What affects the activity of a enzyme | pH, temperature, and the amount of subtrate available to them |
| Substance that resembles the normal subtrate competes with the subtrates for the active site | competitive inhibition |
| Major function of fermentation | regenerates NAD+ for glycolysis |
| Beta oxidation is the method of catabolizing which molecule | fatty acids |
| in the eukaryotic cells what are the following processes that occur in the mitchodrion | Beta oxidation, krebs cycle, and electron transport |
| what occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell | glycolysis |
| Generates NADH and FADH2 from the oxidation of acetyl-Coa | Function of krebs cycle |
| what is the purpose of calvin benson cycle | it produces glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate by fixation of CO2 molecules |
| Folic acid is a precursor molecule necessary for the synthesis of | nucleotides |
| ribozymes are enzymes made out of | RNA |
| Since most proteins are to large to cross the cytoplasmic membrane prokaryotic begin catabolism by secreting what into their enviroment | proteases |
| the photosynthetic memvranes that are similiar to mitochondrial membranes in both structure and function are called | thylakoids |
| chemical reactions that can proceed in either a catobolic ar an anabolic direction are known as | amphibolic reactions |
| the process by which inorganic phosphate is attached to an ADP molecule using the energy produced by redox reactions | oxidative |
| Nucleotides are composed of | phosphate group, pentose sugar, and a nitrogenous base |
| Ribosomes are made of | protein and RNA |
| Ribosomes are found in | cytoplasm of eukaryotic cell |
| ribosomes are composed of | two subunits a small and large subunit |
| the amino acid sequence of a protein constitutes its | primary structure |
| Another term for biosynthesis | anabolismform of metaolism in which large molecules are converted into small |
| form of metaolism in which large molecules are converted into small molecules | catobolism |
| lowers the activation energy required for a chemical reaction | enzyme |
| An enzyme is | pH and heat labile |
| where the active site is located | apoenzyme |
| To digest cellulose in its enviroment a fungus produces | exoenzymes |
| energy in biological systems is primarily | |
| energy is carried from catobolic to anabolic reactions in the form of | high energy ATP bonds |
| Release potential energy | exergonic reactions |
| reduced compound | NADH |
| Most oxidation reactions in microbial bioenergetis involve the | removal of electrons and hydrogens |
| products of glycolysis | ATP and H2O |
| Fermentation of a glucose gives off a net number of ATP'S | 2 |
| Complete oxidation of glucose in aerobic respiration yields a net output of ATP | 38 |
| compound that enters the TCA cycle from glycolysis | pyruvic acid |
| ATP synthase complexes can generate how many ATP'S for each NADH that enters electron transport | 3 |
| In aerobic respiration the terminal electron acceptor is | oxygen |
| The reactions of the cell that are carried out for capturing energy are called | catobolism |
| reaction where small precursor molecules are assembled into lareger organic molecules | anabolism |
| as the electron flow throught the chains much of their free energy is conserved in the form of ATP this is called | oxidative phosphorylation |
| what are the following causes for enzyme denaturization | pH, Subtrate, and temp increase |
| anaerobic respiration occurs in what | clostridium, bacillus, and psuedmonas |
| which of the following occurs in the cell membrane | aerobic respiration, anarobic respiration |
| If a codon in a sequence of DNA has the bases of TCT, what is the tRNA anticodon | AGA |
| which of the following methods of ntransferring genetic material requires cell to cell contact | conjugation |
| During which phas of the growth curvee is cell reproduction most active | log |
| what term refers to the transfer of DNA from one cell to another via bacteriophage | transduction |
| binds to the same active site as a subtrate | competitive inhibitor |
| ATP with three phosphate groups | nucleoside |
| Adenosine monophosphate AMP | consist of adenine ring, ribose, and one phosphate group |
| ADP | same base and sugar but two phosphate groups |
| ATP | has same base and sugar but three phosphate groups |
| Phosphate bonds contain | alot of energy which is released when broken |
| what bond has the greatest amount of energy | pyrophosphate bond |
| Heterotrophs | organisms that can make organic compounds from inorganic sources |
| Atp is produced by | autotrophs during photosynthesis |
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