Meiosis and Mendel
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| somatic cell | cells that make up most of the body tissues and organs
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| gametes | sex cells
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| homologous chromosome | two chromosomes that have the same length and general appearance
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| autosome | a chromosome that contains genes for characteristics not directly related to the sex of an organism
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| sex chromosome | chromosomes that directly control the development of sexual characteristics
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| sexual reproduction | process that involves the fusion of two gametes that results in offspring that are a genetic mixture of both parents
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| fertilization | the actual fusion of an egg and a sperm cell
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| diploid | a cell that has two copies of each chromosome (one copy from the mother and one copy from the father)
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| haploid | a cell that has only one copy of each chromosomes
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| meiosis | a form of nuclear division that divides a diploid cell into haploid cells
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| gametogenesis | the productions of gametes
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| sperm | the male gamete
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| egg | the female gamete
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| polar body | a cell with little more than DNA that are eventually broken down
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| trait | distinguishing characteristics that are inherited
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| genetics | the study of biological inheritance patterns and variation in organisms
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| purebred | genetically uniform
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| cross | the mating of two organisms
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| law of segregation | (Mendel's first law) states that (1) organisms inherit two copies of each gene, one from each parent, and (2) organisms donate only one copy of each gene in their gametes
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| gene | a piece of DNA that provides a set of instructions to a cell to make a certain protein
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| allele | the alternative form s of a gene that may occur at a specific locus
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| homozygous | two of the same alleles at a specific locus
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| heterozygous | two different alleles at a specific locus
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| genome | all of an organism's genetic material
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| genotype | the genetic makeup of a specific set of genes
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| phenotype | the physical characteristics of an individual organism
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| dominant | the allele that is expressed when two different alleles or two of this type of allele are present
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| recessive | the allele that is only expressed when two copies of this type of allele are present
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| Punnett square | a grid system for prediction all possible genotypes resulting from a cross
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| monohybrid cross | a cross that examines the inheritance of only one specific trait
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| testcross | a cross between an organism with unknown genotype and a n organism with the recessive phenotype
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| dihybrid cross | a cross that examines the inheritance of two different traits
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| law of independent assortment | a law that states that allele pairs separate independently of each other during gamete formation
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| probability | the likelihood that a particular event will happen
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| crossing over | the exchange of chromosomes segments between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis I
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| genetic linkage | when genes that are located together are inherited together
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