Energy Intake
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| Hunger | PHYSIOLOGICAL drive to eat
-stomach growling
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| Appetite | PSYCHOLOGICAL drive to eat
-socializing, stress, boredom
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| What does it mean to be "satisfied"? (Satiation) | State in which both drives (hunger & appetite) are satisfied and there is no longer a desire to eat
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| Satiety | Time between meals
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| Hypothalamus | -Group of cells at the base of the brain
-Participate in many regulatory functions, including hunger, fighting, fleeing, feeding, & mating
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| Energy Balance | The relationship between energy intake and energy expenditure
-Possible scenarios:
- Intake = Expenditure
- Intake > Expenditure
- Intake < Expenditure
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| Energy Equivalence | 1) Body Fat
1 lb = 1500 kcal
1kg = 7700 kcal
2) 10 extra kcal/d = 1lb a year
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| 4 Components of Energy Expenditure | 1) Basal Metabolic Rate
-accounts for majority of NRG expenditures
2) Physical Activity
3) Thermic effect of food
4) Heat protection (minor)
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| Thermogenesis | non-exercise activity that produces heat
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| Heat | Just moving around (i.e. fidgeting)
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| Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) | -The resting energy expenditure (REE) measured soon after waking up in the AM and at least 12 hours after your last meal
-BMR is positively proportioned to body weight- higher weight, higher BMR
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| What are 9 factors that effect BMR | 1) huge individual variation
2) gender (boys 1, girls .9)
3) lean body mass
4) age
5) height (shorter = less surface area)
6) nutritional status (starvation and dieting reduce BMR)
7) fever
8) pregnancy and lactation
9) Environmental Temperature
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| NEAT & It's Energy Cost | -NEAT: Non-exercise activity thermogenesis
-Energy Cost:
-dependent on the activity, duration, body height, & training
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| Thermic Effect of Food (TEF) | -energy costs associated with digestion, absorption, and metabolism of food
-accounts for 5-10% of daily expenditure
-fat is metabolized more efficiantly than protein or carbohydraes
-TEF in high gat foods is less
-lower than 5% for obese ppl
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| Consequences of Energy Imbalance | OBESITY
(prevalent in abt 35% or 2/3rds of adults in the US)
(CDC obesity maps)
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| 9 Health Risks of Obesity | -cardiovascular disease
-hypertension
-type 2 diabetes
-cancer (breast, uterine, or prostate)
-osteoarthritis
-surgical complications
-emotional disturbances (depression)
-gallbladder disease
-fatty liver disease
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| How is desirable/ ideal body weight determined? | by reference to weight for height charts- most common: Metropolitan Life Insurance Tables: include data for men and women by height and frame size
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| Body Mass Index (BMI) & it's limitations | Increased BMI = greater risk for obesity-related diseases. Limitations: not as useful for athletes, adolescents & children, and ppl older than 65 years old. BMI does not consider body composition & location of fat (if excessive fat)
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| Android | Apple shape, central obesity: excess abdominal fat distributed around your organs (viscerally). More common in men than women. Increased risk for type two diabetes, heart disease, and high blood pressure.
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| Gynecoid | Pear shape: excess hip/femeral fat, distributed primarily subcutaneously, more common in women than men, fewer health risks, harder to lose, measured by waist circumpherence
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| Which measurements for men and women puts them at higher risk for abdominal obesity? | Men: waist circumpherence > 40 inches
Women: WC > 35
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| Ideal Percent Body fat | US Male: 15-20%
US Female: 20-25%
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| What percent body fat in men and women puts them at higher risk for obesity related disease? | Males: >25% BF
Females: >30% BF
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| Skinfold Measurements | direct measure of % body fat. limitations: good technique needed, primarily measures subcutaneous (between skin and viscera), & it's hard to measure viscera fat
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| Subcutaneous | Between skin & viscera
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| Underwater Weighing (Hydrostatic) | the more fat tissue, the less the individual will weigh when submerged. % body fat is calculated by relationships b/w body weight, density, and volume. Limitations: Special facilities needed, children and elderly
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| Bioelectric Impendance | Based on that fat impedes on the flow of electricity. A low level current is passed thru the body.% BF is proportional to the body's resistance to the flow of current. Limitations: Measures total body water, only estimates muscle and fat. Must be hydrated
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| Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) | Uses low level x-rays to differentiate among bone tissue, lean tissue, and fat tissue. Limitations include high cost and time (it takes 30 mins to complete)
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| BOD POD (Air Displacement) | Measures hm air your body displaces within the chamber. %BF is calculated based on relationships b/w body weight, densit,y and volume.
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jessberis
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