Psychology, Research, and You
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| Psychoanalytic theory | Treatment for maladaptive behavior developed by Sigmund Freud; its goal is to bring unconscious causes of behavior to the conscious level
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| Physiological perspective | View that behaviors and mental processes can be understood and explained by studying the underlying physiology
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| Evolutionary perspective | Interest in the role a physiological structure or behavior plays in helping an organism adapt to its environment
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| Cognitive perspective | View that focuses on the study of how thought occurs, how our memories work, and how information is organized and stored
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| Environmental, population, and conservation perspective | View that psychologists should be concerned with the interactions among human behavior, the population, and the environment
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| Eclectic approach | View of psychology that combines several different approaches
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| Clinical psychology | Specialty of psychology that involves the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders
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| Psychiatrist | Medical doctor with specialized training in the medical treatment of mental and emotional disorders
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| Counseling psychology | Specialty of psychology that deals with less serious problems than those treated by clinical psychologists
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| Research psychologist | Psychologist whose primary activity is to conduct and report the results of experiments
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| Ethnocentrism | The view that other cultures are an extension of one's own
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| Cross-cultural psychology | Branch of psychology whose goal is to determine if research results can be applied to other cultures
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| School psychologist | Psychologist whose specialty encompasses diagnosing and treating learning disabilities and providing consultation on other problems of school-age children
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| Industrial and organizational (I/O) psychologist | Psychologist who applies psychology to problems of businesses and other organizations
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| Consumer psychology | Specialty of psychology that studies consumers and the choices they make
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| Health psychology | Subfield of psychology that is concerned with how psychological and social variables affect health and illness
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| Forensic psychologist | Psychologist who applies psychology to law and legal proceedings
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| Sport psychologist | Psychologist who provides services to athletes and coaches based on psychological principles
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| Neuropsychologist | Psychologist trained in the diagnosis and rehabilitation of brain disorders
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| Psychology | Science of behavior and mental processes
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| Bias | Beliefs that interfere with objectivity
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| Law of parsimony | Principle that simple explanations of phenomena are preferred to complex explanations
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| Placebo effect | In drug research, positive effects associated with a person's beliefs and attitudes about the drug, even when it contains no active ingredients
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| Scientific method | System of investigation in which a person makes careful observations of a phenomenon, makes hypotheses about future behaviors, and then tests these hypotheses through more research and observation
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| Theory | Explanation for a phenomenon based on careful and precise observations
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| Hypothesis | Prediction about future behaviors that is derived from observation and theories
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| Case study | In-depth study of a single person that can often provide suggestions for further research
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| Naturalistic observation | Study of behavior in its typical setting, with no attempt to alter it
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| Scatterplot | Graph that depicts the relation between two variables
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| Correlational coefficient | Number ranging between -1.00 and +1.00 that represents the degree and direction of relation between two variables
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| Survey method | Research method that involves collecting information from a selected group of people who are representative of a larger group
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| Representative sample | Sample selected so that it reflects the characteristics of a population of interest to the researcher
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| Qualitative research | A holistic research method that seeks to provide a complete narrative description of an entire phenomenon or culture
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| Experimental method | Research method that involves manipulating independent variables to determine how they affect dependent variables
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| Independent variable | Variable manipulated by a researcher to determine its effects on a dependent variable
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| Dependent variable | Variable that shows the outcome of an experiment by revealing the effects of an independent variable
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| Operational definition | A careful and precise definition that allows other researchers to repeat an experiment
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| Experimental group | The group in an experiment that receives the effect of the independent variable being manipulated
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| Control group | A comparison group in an experiment that does not receive the effect of the independent variable being manipulated
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| Extraneous variables | Variables, other than the independent variable, that can influence the outcome of an experiment
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| Random assignment | Assignment of experimental participants to two or more groups on the basis of chance
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| Statistics | Branch of mathematics that involves the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data
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| Descriptive statistics | Procedures used to summarize any set of data
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| Inferential statistics | Procedures used to analyze data after an experiment is completed; used to determine if the independent variable has a significant effect
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| Measures of central tendency | Descriptive measures of a set of data that tell us about a typical score
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| Measures of variability | Descriptive measures that tell us about the amount of variability or spread in a set of data
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| Informed consent | Written document in which a person who might be involved in a research study agrees to participate after receiving information about the researcher's specific procedure
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| Debriefing | Procedure during which a complete explanation of research that has involved deception is provided to a participant
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| Structuralism | Earliest approach in modern psychology, founded by Wilhelm Wundt; its goal was to analyze the basic elements of conscious experience
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| Introspection | Structural psychologists' major method, in which participants reported the contents of their conscious experience
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| Cognitive psychology | Study of higher mental processes, such as thinking, knowing, and deciding
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| Functionalism | Approach to psychology that focused on the purposes of consciousness
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| Gestalt psychology | Approach to psychology most noted for emphasizing that our perception of a whole is different from our perception of individual stimuli
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| Behavioral perspective | Perspective that focuses on observable behavior and emphasizes the learned nature of behavior
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| Psychodynamic perspective | View taken by Sigmund Freud and his followers suggesting that normal and abnormal behaviors are determined primarily by unconscious forces
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| Humanistic perspective | Approach to psychology associated with Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers; emphasizes free will and individuals' control of their own behavior
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