Cell Growth and Division
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| cell cycle | the regular pattern of growth, DNA duplication, and cell division that occurs in eukaryotic cells
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| mitosis | the division of the cell nucleus and its contents
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| cytokinesis | the process that divides the cell cytoplasm
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| chromosome | one long continuous thread of DNA that consists of numerous genes along with regulatory information
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| histone | a group of proteins that each chromosome is associated with
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| chromatin | the loose combination of DNA and proteins
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| chromatid | half of the duplicated chromosome
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| centromere | the substance that holds sister chromatids together
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| telomere | the structure at the end of DNA molecules
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| prophase | the phase in which chromatin condense into tightly coiled chromosomes
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| metaphase | the phase in which spindle fibers attach to a protein structure on the centromere of each chromosome and align the chromosomes along the cell equator
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| anaphase | the phase in which sister chromatids separate from each other
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| telophase | the phase in which a complete set of identical chromosomes is positioned at each pole of the cell
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| growth factor | a broad group of proteins that stimulate cell division
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| apoptosis | programed cell death
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| cancer | the common name for a class of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell division
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| benign | type of tumor where the cancer cell typically remain clustered together
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| malignant | a type of tumor in which some of the cancer cells can break away
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| metastasize | the breaking away of cancer cells
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| carcinogen | substances that are known to produce or promote the development of cancer
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| asexual reproduction | the creation of offspring from a single parent and does not involve the joining of gametes
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| binary fission | the asexual reproductions of a single-celled organism by division into two roughly equal parts
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| tissue | groups of cells that work together to perform a single function
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| organ | groups of tissues that work together to perform a specific function or related functions
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| organ system | organs that carry out similar function are grouped into this
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| cell differentiation | the process by which unspecialized cells develop into their mature forms and functions
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| stem cell | a unique type of body cell that has the ability to (1) divide and renew itself for long periods of time, (2) remain undifferentiated in form, and (3) develop into a variety of specialized cell types
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