Biochemistry
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| What is the weakest type of bond? | hydrogen bonds
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| What are hydrophilic interactions? | interactions with H2O
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| What is the strongest type of bond? | covalent bonds
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| What is the chemistry of water? | polar covalent bonds; H2O molecules form H-bonds with each other
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| Why are we studying water | All life occurs in water; inside and outside of cell
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| What is cohesion & adhesion | surface tension & capillary action
cohesion: the bonding of water molecules that pull each other along
adhesion: the attraction of water molecules to other substances
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| What does it mean that water is the greatest solvent of life? | many molecules dissolve in H2O, hydrogen bonds can break up substances
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| What property describes why ice floats | lower density as a solid
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| What is moderation of a temperature | high specific heat = water stores heat
high heat of vaporization = heats & cools slowly
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| How does water get to the top of trees? | transpiration is built of cohesion and adhesion; water goes through cell walls and permeable membranes
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| What makes water a good solvent | polarity
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| What is hydrophilic | substances that have an attraction to water; mainly polar.
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| What is hydrophobic | substances that do not dissolve in water, usually non-polar
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| What is polar | unevenly charged
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| Why is it important that ice floats? | so that bodies of water don't freeze solid, allows ice to survive in water.
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| How does freezing affect the layers of the ocean | water freezes on top so if ice sank than the water would freeze bottom up and kill life inside water
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| How is ice formed? | Hydrogen bonds form a crystal lattice
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| What is specific heat? | H2O is resistant to change in temperature
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| What does it mean that water moderates temperature | water stores heat and releases it.
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| more hydrogen ions? | acidic
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| less hydrogen ions | basic
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| [H+] and [-Oh] is equal | neutral
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| what is the pH of a solution that is 10^(-7) | seven
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| what do buffers do in our bodies | keep our body at a certain pH
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| Why is it important that our body maintains a certain pH | we would die if it didn't
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| What are some ways that buffers maintain that body's pH? | donates [H+] when falls, absorbs when too high.
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| What are the six most abundant elements of life (CHNOPS) | carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphate, sulfur
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| What do we study carbon | all life is built on carbon
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| What is organic chemistry | the study of carbon compounds
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| What are the properties of carbon? | bonding properties, 4 stable covalent bonds, basis of all life, different forms in which it exists
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| What are hydrocarbons? | combination of carbon and hydrogen
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| What are properties of hydrocarbons | non-polar, stable, very little attraction between molecules, gas at room temperature
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| What are macromolecules | smaller organic molecules join together to form large molcules
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| What are the four major classes of macromolecules | lipids, proteins, nucleic acids and carbohydrates
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| What are polymers and what are their building blocks? | long molecules built by linking repeating blocks in a change; monomers are building blocks
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| Which type of bonds hold together monomers | covalent bonds
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| What is the name of the process that binds together monomers | dehydration synthesis
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| What is the name of the process that breaks about monomers | hydrolysis
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| Which process loses a water molecule | dehydration synthesis
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| which process adds a water molecules | hydrolysis
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| What does hydrolysis require | energy and enzymes
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| What is an example of hydrolysis | digestion
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| What is an example of dehydration synthesis | condensation reaction
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| What does dehydration reaction require | energy and enzymes
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| What are the building blocks of carbohydrates | monosaccharides
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| What are that functions of carbs | energy, raw materials, energy storage, structural compounds
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| Most of the names of sugars end in what? | -ose
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| How are sugars classifies | by the number of carbons
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| When is the energy stored in carbon bonds harvested? | in cellular respiration
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| example of monosaccharide | glucose
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| example of disaccharide | sucrose
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| polysaccharides | starch
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| are polysaccharides reversible | yes; easily
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| How do certain polysaccharides polysaccharides differ? | molecular structure, isomers,
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| what is a structural isomer | same elements, different structure
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| What is cellulose | most abundant organic compound on earth, cell walls and such
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| What are ruminants? | able to digest cellulose through four chamber stomach and chew on cud
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| Hind-gut fermenters | eat waste
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| What is the most structurally &functionally diverse group | proteins
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| What are the monomers of proteins | amino acids
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| What make up amino acids | central carbons, amino groups, carboxyl gropus, r groups
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| What are r groups | variable groups that are different for each amino acids (side chain)
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| How is sulfur important | it forms disulfide bridges, (covalent crosslinks between sulfhydryls/stabilizes 3D structure)
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| What are peptide bonds? | covalent bonds between two amino acids/ carbon-nitrogen bond
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| What does it meant that polypeptide chains have direction? | can only grow in one direction
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| What does function depend on? | structure
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| primary structure | amino acid sequence-peptide bonds determined by DNA
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| secondary structure | k groups H bonds
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| What is tertiary structure | r groups hydrophobic interactions and disulfide bridges
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| quaternary structure | multiple polypeptide chains, hydrophobic interactions
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| What is protein denaturation | unfolding a protein,
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| What are some causes of protein dneaturation | extreme conditions of temperature pH and salinity
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| what does protein denaturation destroy | functionality
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| function of nucleic acids | genetic materials, stores info, genes, blueprint for making proteins
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| What are the two main nucleic acids | DNA & RNA
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| difference between deoxyribose and ribose | deoxyribose lacks an oxygen atom on the second carbon in the ring
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| What is the monomer of nucleic acids | nucleotides
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| What makes up a nucleotide | pentose sugar, nitrogen base and phosphate group
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| What elements are in lipids | carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
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| What are the "family groups" of lipids | fats phopholipids and steroids
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| lipids do not form | polymers
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| What makes up fats | glycerol + fatty acid (long hydrocarbon chain)
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| what do fats store | energy
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| what are other functions of fats | cushion organs, insulate body
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| What are saturated fats | no double carbon bonds, straight, solid at room tempurature
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| What are unsaturated fats | double bonds, kinks, liquid at room temperature
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| What are pohpholipids | glycerol and 2 fatty acids
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| How are phospholipids assembled when they are by water | hydrophilic heads attracted to H2O and hydrophilic tails "hide" from H2O
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| What is the structure of steroids? | 4 fused C rings
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| How are different steroids crated? | by attaching different functional groups to rings
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| How is cholesterol important | important cell component: animal cell membranes, precursor of all other steroids
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| What are some important sex hormones? | estradiol, and testosterone
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| How much energy transfers from one trophic level to the next? | 10%
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| Life is built on what? | chemical reactions; transforming energy from one form to another
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| What is metabolism | chemical reactions of life
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| What some examples of metabolic pathways | dehydrations synthesis and hydrolysis
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| catabolic reactions | braking down
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| anabolic reactions | building
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| exeronic reactions | release energy/ catabolic
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| endergonic reactions | require input of energy/ anabolic
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| What is coupling | exergonic reactions with endergonic reactions give required energy to organisms
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| Why don't downhill reactions happen spontaneously | because covalent bonds are stable bonds
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| What is activation energy | energy required for the reaction
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| What helps reduce activation energy | catalysts
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| Why are catalysts important | activation energy required would kill us without them
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| What are enzymes | biological catalysts required for most biological reactions
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| What is a substrate | reactant that binds to enzyme
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| what is a product | end result
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| What is the active site | where te subtrate goes
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| What tare the properties of enzymes | reactions specific (each enzyme works with a specific substrate), not consumed in reaction, affected by cellular conditions
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| What is induced fit | substrate binding causes enzyme to change shape leading to a tighter fit; conformation fit
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| What factors affect enzyme function | enzyme concentration, substrate concentration, temperature, pH, salinity, activators, and inhibitors
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| What does it mean that the reaction rate levels off (enzyme concentration) | substrate becomes limiliting factor, not all enzyme molecules can find substrate
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| What does it mean that the reaction rate levels off (substrate concentration) | all enzymes have active site engage; enzyme is saturated; maximum rate of reaction
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| What is optimum | different enzymes function in different organisms in different environments
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| What are cofactors | non-protein small inorganic compounds that bind within enzyme molcule
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| what are coenzymes | non-protein organic molecules, bind temporarily or permanently to enzyme near active site
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| What compounds regulat enzymes | competitive inhibitor, noncompetitive inhibitor, reversible inhibitor, feedbakck inhibition
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| What is a competitive inhibitor | inhibitor and substrate compete for active site
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| how is a competitive inhibitor overcome | increasing concentration
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| noncompeitive inhibitor | inhibitor binds to site other than active site; causes enzyme to change shape
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| irreversible inhibition | competitor permantently binds to active site;
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| What is allosteric regulation | conformational changes by regulatory molecules;
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| inhibitors | keeps enzyme in inactive form
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| activators | keeps enzyme in active form
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| what are metabolic pathways | cahin of reactions
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| what do metabolic pathways link | endergonic and exergonic reactions
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| what is feedback inhibition | regulation and coordination of production
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| What is cooperativity | substrate acts as an activator; substrate causes conformational change in enzyme; favors binding of substrate at 2nd sit; makes enzyme more active and effective.
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