OHB First Exam
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| Interstitial fluid | the fluid outside the cell
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| Intracellular fluid: | fluid inside a cell
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| Selective permeability: | a barrier allows some substances to pass through it while excluding others.
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| Active transport | carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion. require protein carriers that combine specifically and reversibly with the substances to be transported across the membrane.
requires energy
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| Passive transport | a movement of biochemicals and other atomic or molecular substances across cell membranes that DOES NOT require energy
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| Diffusion | is the process by which molecules (and ions) move away from a region where they are more concentrated to a region where they are less concentrated.
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| Filtration | selectively permeable membrane in which some things are forced through, and others are kept, depending on the pressure. is the process by which water and solutes are forced through a membrane (or capillary wall) by fluid or hydrotatic, pressure`.
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| Osmosis | movement of WATER through a selectively permeable membrane to create equilibrium of water / solute on either side of the membrane
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| Osmotic pressure: | the amount of pressure needed to stop osmosis. greater the concentration of particles, greater the OP
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| Hypertonic | a solution that contains more solutes, or dissolved substances, than there are inside cells
related to osmosis - the natural tendancy of water to reach equilibrium
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| Hypotonic | a solution that contains fewer solutes (and therefore more water) than the cell does
related to osmosis - the natural tendancy of water to reach equilibrium
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| Isotonic | an isotonic solution has the same solute and water concentrations as cells do. Doesn’t exact any change. related to osmosis - the natural tendancy of water to reach equilibrium
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| What are the functions of the cell (plasma) membrane? | - protects the cell;
- selective permeability regulates what comes in and what goes out;
- communicates with other cells with receptors that project from the surface
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| Ribosome function? | protein factories.
located on the outside of the rough ER
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| Endoplasmic Reticulum | complex tunnel system to transport proteins within the cell.
Rough, smooth, sarcoplasmic ER.
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| Golgi Apparatus | packing plant for proteins
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| Lysosomes | sacs of digestive enzymes. destroys debris and foreign matter.
when a cell dies, lysosomes are released and the cell self destructs.
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| Peroxisomes | sacs of oxidase enzymes. detox cells
they disarm ‘free radicals’
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| Mitochondria | where fuel (glucose) is broken down to create ATP.
power plants - where the Krebs cycle happens and ATP is synthesized;
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| Cytoskeleton | GIVES FORM TO CELLS - MAINTAINS THE CELL SHAPE, PROTECTS THE CELL,
ENABLES cellular motion
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| Centrioles | mitotic spindle form between these structures in mitosis. make cilia and flagella.
only active during cell division.
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| Cilia | hair-like projections on the outside of cells for mobility
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| Flagella | tails to help move cells along
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| Cytosol | a complex mixture of substances dissolved in water.
organelles are suspended in the cytosol
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| Solution | a homogeneous mixture of two or more components
eg. salt water (sodium and water)
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| Solvent | 1 part of a solution the substance present in the largest amount in a solution.
In the body, water is the chief solvent.
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| Solute | 2nd part of a solution (other than the solvent)
eg in saline, salt is the solute
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| Filtration | -selectively permeable membrane in which some things are forced through, and others are kept, depending on the pressure.
-the process by which water and solutes are forced through a membrane (or capillary wall) by fluid or hydrotatic, pressure`
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| Endocytosis | means 'into the cell'
ATP-requiring processes that take up, or engulf, extra cellular substances by enclosing them in a small membranous vesicle.
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| Phagocytosis | means ‘cell eating’
the endocytosis process used by relatively large particles such as bacteria or dead body cells that have separated from the external environment
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| Pinocytosis | means cell drinking
the cell gulps droplets of extracellular fluid - The plasma membrane indents to form a tiny pit, and then its edges fuse around the droplet of dissolved proteins or fats.
important for cells whose function is absorption.
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| Phases of mitosis | I-PMAT
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| Interphase | -the cell grows and carries on its usual metabolic activities
-active phase: growth, metabolic activities, DNA replication (in preparation for cell division)
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| DNA replication process | -the DNA double helix uncoils and separates into two nucleotide chains.
-each strand is a template for building a new nucleotide strand
-two DNA double helixes then exist that are identical to the original one
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| diff between mitosis and meiosis | - process used by all cells in the body except sex cells. it spawns identical cells.
- meiosis is what sex cells (eggs and sperm) do that spawns different cells, thus allowing sex cells to spawn different progeny. process is a double cycle of mitosis
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| Prophase | nuclear membrane dissolves, chromatin fibers coil tightly to form chromosomes (forming the classic X shape that we know – each side of the X is a mirror image of the other side)
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| Metaphase | chromosomes align along the equator of cell (middle line – metaphase plate)
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| Anaphase | chromatids separate at their centromeres and start to move away to opposite ends of the cell
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| Telophase | chromosomes uncoil into chromatin and nucleus forms. Cell develops cleavage furrow and then divides into two
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| Cytokinesis | -is the division of the cytoplasm – and the actual cell
-begins during late anaphase, and completes during telophase
-creates a cleavage furrow over the midline of the spindles that squeeze and pinch the mass into two parts, dividing the cell
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| DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid
genetic material in each cell
the blueprint for protein synthesis.
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| players in the the process of protein synthesis and DNA transcription, in order | DNA
mRNA - messenger
tRNA - transfer
rRNA -ribosomal
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| gene | a DNA segment that carries the information for building one protein or polypeptide chain
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| tissue | a group of cells that work together to accomplish some sort of goal
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| Epithelium | the lining, covering, and glandular tissue of the body
- Covers and lines
- Has one free surface
- Avascular – lack of blood vessels
- Reproduces readily
- Protects
- Secretes absorbs, excretes
- sense
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