Chapter 3 - A Beka Book
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| Minerals | Substances that are found naturally in the earth and have a crystalline structure
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| Mineralogy | The branch of geology that deals with the identification and classification of minerals
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| Native elements | Substances that exist naturally in the earth's crust as single, uncombined elements
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| Halides | The smallest group of minerals
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| Sulfides and sulfates | Minerals that contain the element sulfur
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| Oxides | Minerals that contain the element oxygen bonded to a metal
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| Minerals containing carbon bonded to oxygen | Carbonates
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| Contain the element phosphorus and bonded to four oxygen elements | Phosphates
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| Silicates | The largest group of minerals
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| Crystals | Geometric structures that are composed of atoms or molecules and have an orderly arrangement
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| A soft, slippery substance | Graphite
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| Diamond | The hardest naturally occurring substance known
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| Name seven characteristics that cam be used to identify minerals. | 1. Color
2. Luster
3. Crystal shape
4. Hardness
5. Specific Gravity
6. Streak color
7. Acid test
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| Streak plate | A piece of unglazed porcelain that you rub a rock on
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| Luster | The way light is reflected from the surface of a mineral
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| Streak | The line of powder left on a streak plate
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| Hardness | The resistance of a smooth surface of a mineral to being scratched
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| Mohs scale | Rates the hardness of a mineral
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| Brinell hardness test | Strikes a ball to a mineral to test its hardness
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| Cleavage | The tendency of a mineral to break readily along certain flat surfaces producing fragments with the same shape as the parent mineral
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| Conchoidal | Shell-like
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| Specific gravity | A number that compares and object's density to the density of water
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| Fluorescent minerals | Glows particular colors when exposed to ultraviolet light in a darkened room
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| Phosphorescent minerals | Continue to glow for a while after being exposed to ultraviolet light and the placed in the dark
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| Mining | The process of extraction from the earth
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| Metals such as gold, silver, copper, iron, aluminum, and platinum are some of the earth's ___ ___ minerals mined from the earth. | most important
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| Any mineral that contains a valuable metallic element is what? | An ore
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| Metallurgy | The science of extracting metals from the earth and preparing them for use
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| Aluminum | The most abundant mineral in the earth's crust; refined by bauxite
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| What are the three steps to metallurgy? | 1. Extraction
2. Refinement
3. Spaping
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| Refinement | The removal of impurities by heat, chemical action, or a combination of the two, until a desired level of purify has been obtained
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| Bayer process | In which bauxite is heated in a high- pressure container with lye is used to from alumina
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| Hal Heroult process | In this process the alumina is dissolved in the mineral cryolite and electricity is used to remove aluminum metal
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| Iron | The second most common mineral in the earth's crust
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| Blast furnace | The one primary method of refining iron
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| Coke | An impure form of carbon derived from coal
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| Steel | An alloy of iron and carbon
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| Alloy | metal mixture
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| Stainless steal | an alloy of iron carbon and nickel
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| Copper | A reddish-orange metal used to coat pennies
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| Lead | Is used for radiation shielding and automobile batteries and small arms ammunition
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| Used in stainless steel, electrical heating elements, magnets | Nickel
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| Used to coat other metals to prevent corrosion | Tin
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| Used also to prevent corrosion and make coins | Zinc
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| Precious metals | Valued for their durability rarity and buety
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| Gold | A precious metal
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| Bullion | Bars (such as gold bars)
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| Silver | Precious metal used to make jewelry tableware and other items
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| Platinum | In recent years has become more valuable than gold on account of it's many uses
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| Precious stones | The rarest most durable and most beautiful minerals prized for their hardness color and "fire”
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| "Fire" | The dazzling way in which precious stones reflect light
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| Only ___ ___ ___ ___ can scratch a diamond. | another crystal of diamond
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| Diamond pipes | narrow vertical underground deposits that resemble the vents of extinct bolcanoes
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| A diamond's worth is based on what four properties (known as the four C's)? | 1. Carat weight
2. Clarity
3. Color
4. Cut
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| Carat weight | Measures a diamonds weight in metric carats
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| Clarity | Depends on the presence of imperfections
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| Ruby | The red variety of corumdum
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| Ruby's that have a brilliant star like pattern when light is shone through them | Star ruby
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| Blue corundum | Sapphire
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| Beryl | it's clear form is valued both as a gemstone and as the source of the metal beryllium
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| Corundum | is not usually valuable unless it is red or blue
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| Emerald | Green beryl
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| Blue-green beryl with traces of oxide | Aquamarine
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| Semiprecious stones | Gems that are not as rare durable or esteemed as precious stones
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| Amethyst | A form of quartz
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| Red spinel | The "Black Princes Ruby"
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| Tourmaline and Chalcedony | multicolored
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| Opal | Iridescent
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| Garnet | January's birthstone
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| Turquoise | blue- green
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| Jade | Green
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| Topaz | November's birthstone
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| Lab created gemstones | visually identical to natural gemstones
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| Stimulant (or imitation) gemstones | Look like a natural gemstone but have different chemical and physical properties
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| Synthetic gemsones | Identical to natural gemstones in appearance and chemical content
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| Overgrowth | The process of a large crystal growing on and around a small crystal
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| Flame Fusion Procees | Forms crystal rotating a seed crystal to encourage uniform formation
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| Pulled method | Forms crystals by slowly withdrawing a seed crystal from ingredient powders melted in a container
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| Hydreothermal process | Used to produce emeralds and non-gemstone minerals
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| Rock | The hard material that makes up the earth's crust
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| Petrology | The branch of geology that deals with the origin composition and structure of rocks
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| Igneous rocks | Form from solidified magma
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| Sedimentary rocks | Form from sediments cemented together by water pressure and chemical action
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| Metamorphic rocks | Result when igneous or sedimentary rocks are "cooked" by intense heat and preassure
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| Intrusive rock | Igneous rock that forms when magma cools and hardens while still underground
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| Extruded | forced
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| Extrusive rock (volcanic rock) | Is made when magma reaches the surface and is extruded out of the earth as lava that cools and hardens
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| Texture | The look and feel of the materials of which they are composed
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| The chief condition affecting an igneous rock's texture is ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___. | the rate at which the magma cools
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| Granite | A common igneous rock that is coarse grained
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| Gabbro | Another coarse grained rock
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| Rhyolite | Has a finer texture than granite
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| The most common igneous rock is the fine grained extrusive rock ___. | basalt
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| Porphyritic rocks | Formed when magma cools slowly and then quickly, which gives the rocks a mixed texture
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| Amorphous | Rocks made of magma that cools rapidly, letting no crystals form
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| Obsidian | amorphous igneous rock "volcanic glass"
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| Pumice | Porous rock that often can float on water
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| Soria | "volcanic cinders" forms in the same fashion as pumice but has larger pores and a dark color
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| Concretions | hard, round structures that form when minerals settle out of water and crystallize around a sand grain or other mineral fragment
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| Sedimentary rocks are referred to as ___ ___ because of their arrangement into layers. | stratified rcoks
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| Stratum | or bed; a horizontal rock layer that has a different type of rock layer above it
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| Law of superposition | States that any undisturbed strata lie in the order they were laid down
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| Mechanical sediments | The sand clay or rock fragments that are transported by physical means and deposited in a thick layer elsewhere
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| Clastic sedimentary rock | Deposits of mechanical sediments that may be "glued" together by pressure or chemical action to form this type of sedimentary rock
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| What is the most abundant sedimentary rock? | Shale
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| Sandstone | Consists of grains of sand cemented together into rock
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| Conglomerate rock | Rock that consists of smooth pebbles embedded in hardened sand or clay
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| Concrete | A man made conglomerate rock consisting of sand and gravel held together by cement
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| Breccia | A rock that contains rough angular fragments instead of smooth pebbles
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| Precipitate | to crystalize
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| Chemical sedimentary rocks | Rocks formed by chemical sediments
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| Forms when water seeps through rocks, causing minerals from the rocks to dissolve in the water and the precipitate and settle out of the solutions | Chemical sediments
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| Limestone | chemical sedimentary rock; at leas 50% of it consists of calcium carbonate
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| Chalk | A type of limestone
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| Evaporrites | Sediments that result from the evaporation of water
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| Salt domes | Halite deposits that occur in deep, underground structures
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| Organic Sediments | Remains of once living plants and animals
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| Organic sedimentary rocks | The rocks organic sediments compose
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| Coal | A useful substance considered an organic sediment
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| Fossil fuel | Coal is called this because it is used for fuel and is derived from the remains of living things
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| Anthracite coal | the highest quality coal
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| Bitumen coal | The most common and widely used form of coal
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| Coal seams | Layered formations usually buried in other sedimentary rock such as sandstone or shale
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| Overburden | the upper layers of the ground
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| Underground mining | Where miners must dig down into the veins of coal
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| Surface mining | Removes coal from the surface of the earth
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| Longwall mining | Uses a rotating drum that travels down a track while grinding coal from the coal seam
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| Continuous mining | Uses a continuous miner to mine
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| Continuous miner | A machine with a large rotating steel drum with teeth that remove coal from the coal vein
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| Retreat mining | Where miners start t the back of a large coal room and room coal pillars as they work toward the entrance of the room
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| Metamorphism | This term is used to describe the change of rock into a new type of rock
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| Contact metamorphism | Results when rocks are "baked" by contact with hot magma
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| Regional metamorphism | when a combination of heat and pressure caused by stress or movements causing rocks to change
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| Foliated rocks | Rocks made up of layers like the leaves of a book
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| Slate | Produced from shale
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| Nonfoliated rocks | Metamorphic rocks that cannot be split into thin layers and other foliated rocks
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| Marble | Formed by limestone
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| Geologic map | Illustrate the location and structure of the earth's materials through various symbols lines and colors
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| Great job! | :)
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