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8th Science
Chapter 3 - A Beka Book
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Minerals | Substances that are found naturally in the earth and have a crystalline structure |
| Mineralogy | The branch of geology that deals with the identification and classification of minerals |
| Native elements | Substances that exist naturally in the earth's crust as single, uncombined elements |
| Halides | The smallest group of minerals |
| Sulfides and sulfates | Minerals that contain the element sulfur |
| Oxides | Minerals that contain the element oxygen bonded to a metal |
| Minerals containing carbon bonded to oxygen | Carbonates |
| Contain the element phosphorus and bonded to four oxygen elements | Phosphates |
| Silicates | The largest group of minerals |
| Crystals | Geometric structures that are composed of atoms or molecules and have an orderly arrangement |
| A soft, slippery substance | Graphite |
| Diamond | The hardest naturally occurring substance known |
| Name seven characteristics that cam be used to identify minerals. | 1. Color 2. Luster 3. Crystal shape 4. Hardness 5. Specific Gravity 6. Streak color 7. Acid test |
| Streak plate | A piece of unglazed porcelain that you rub a rock on |
| Luster | The way light is reflected from the surface of a mineral |
| Streak | The line of powder left on a streak plate |
| Hardness | The resistance of a smooth surface of a mineral to being scratched |
| Mohs scale | Rates the hardness of a mineral |
| Brinell hardness test | Strikes a ball to a mineral to test its hardness |
| Cleavage | The tendency of a mineral to break readily along certain flat surfaces producing fragments with the same shape as the parent mineral |
| Conchoidal | Shell-like |
| Specific gravity | A number that compares and object's density to the density of water |
| Fluorescent minerals | Glows particular colors when exposed to ultraviolet light in a darkened room |
| Phosphorescent minerals | Continue to glow for a while after being exposed to ultraviolet light and the placed in the dark |
| Mining | The process of extraction from the earth |
| Metals such as gold, silver, copper, iron, aluminum, and platinum are some of the earth's ___ ___ minerals mined from the earth. | most important |
| Any mineral that contains a valuable metallic element is what? | An ore |
| Metallurgy | The science of extracting metals from the earth and preparing them for use |
| Aluminum | The most abundant mineral in the earth's crust; refined by bauxite |
| What are the three steps to metallurgy? | 1. Extraction 2. Refinement 3. Spaping |
| Refinement | The removal of impurities by heat, chemical action, or a combination of the two, until a desired level of purify has been obtained |
| Bayer process | In which bauxite is heated in a high- pressure container with lye is used to from alumina |
| Hal Heroult process | In this process the alumina is dissolved in the mineral cryolite and electricity is used to remove aluminum metal |
| Iron | The second most common mineral in the earth's crust |
| Blast furnace | The one primary method of refining iron |
| Coke | An impure form of carbon derived from coal |
| Steel | An alloy of iron and carbon |
| Alloy | metal mixture |
| Stainless steal | an alloy of iron carbon and nickel |
| Copper | A reddish-orange metal used to coat pennies |
| Lead | Is used for radiation shielding and automobile batteries and small arms ammunition |
| Used in stainless steel, electrical heating elements, magnets | Nickel |
| Used to coat other metals to prevent corrosion | Tin |
| Used also to prevent corrosion and make coins | Zinc |
| Precious metals | Valued for their durability rarity and buety |
| Gold | A precious metal |
| Bullion | Bars (such as gold bars) |
| Silver | Precious metal used to make jewelry tableware and other items |
| Platinum | In recent years has become more valuable than gold on account of it's many uses |
| Precious stones | The rarest most durable and most beautiful minerals prized for their hardness color and "fire” |
| "Fire" | The dazzling way in which precious stones reflect light |
| Only ___ ___ ___ ___ can scratch a diamond. | another crystal of diamond |
| Diamond pipes | narrow vertical underground deposits that resemble the vents of extinct bolcanoes |
| A diamond's worth is based on what four properties (known as the four C's)? | 1. Carat weight 2. Clarity 3. Color 4. Cut |
| Carat weight | Measures a diamonds weight in metric carats |
| Clarity | Depends on the presence of imperfections |
| Ruby | The red variety of corumdum |
| Ruby's that have a brilliant star like pattern when light is shone through them | Star ruby |
| Blue corundum | Sapphire |
| Beryl | it's clear form is valued both as a gemstone and as the source of the metal beryllium |
| Corundum | is not usually valuable unless it is red or blue |
| Emerald | Green beryl |
| Blue-green beryl with traces of oxide | Aquamarine |
| Semiprecious stones | Gems that are not as rare durable or esteemed as precious stones |
| Amethyst | A form of quartz |
| Red spinel | The "Black Princes Ruby" |
| Tourmaline and Chalcedony | multicolored |
| Opal | Iridescent |
| Garnet | January's birthstone |
| Turquoise | blue- green |
| Jade | Green |
| Topaz | November's birthstone |
| Lab created gemstones | visually identical to natural gemstones |
| Stimulant (or imitation) gemstones | Look like a natural gemstone but have different chemical and physical properties |
| Synthetic gemsones | Identical to natural gemstones in appearance and chemical content |
| Overgrowth | The process of a large crystal growing on and around a small crystal |
| Flame Fusion Procees | Forms crystal rotating a seed crystal to encourage uniform formation |
| Pulled method | Forms crystals by slowly withdrawing a seed crystal from ingredient powders melted in a container |
| Hydreothermal process | Used to produce emeralds and non-gemstone minerals |
| Rock | The hard material that makes up the earth's crust |
| Petrology | The branch of geology that deals with the origin composition and structure of rocks |
| Igneous rocks | Form from solidified magma |
| Sedimentary rocks | Form from sediments cemented together by water pressure and chemical action |
| Metamorphic rocks | Result when igneous or sedimentary rocks are "cooked" by intense heat and preassure |
| Intrusive rock | Igneous rock that forms when magma cools and hardens while still underground |
| Extruded | forced |
| Extrusive rock (volcanic rock) | Is made when magma reaches the surface and is extruded out of the earth as lava that cools and hardens |
| Texture | The look and feel of the materials of which they are composed |
| The chief condition affecting an igneous rock's texture is ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___. | the rate at which the magma cools |
| Granite | A common igneous rock that is coarse grained |
| Gabbro | Another coarse grained rock |
| Rhyolite | Has a finer texture than granite |
| The most common igneous rock is the fine grained extrusive rock ___. | basalt |
| Porphyritic rocks | Formed when magma cools slowly and then quickly, which gives the rocks a mixed texture |
| Amorphous | Rocks made of magma that cools rapidly, letting no crystals form |
| Obsidian | amorphous igneous rock "volcanic glass" |
| Pumice | Porous rock that often can float on water |
| Soria | "volcanic cinders" forms in the same fashion as pumice but has larger pores and a dark color |
| Concretions | hard, round structures that form when minerals settle out of water and crystallize around a sand grain or other mineral fragment |
| Sedimentary rocks are referred to as ___ ___ because of their arrangement into layers. | stratified rcoks |
| Stratum | or bed; a horizontal rock layer that has a different type of rock layer above it |
| Law of superposition | States that any undisturbed strata lie in the order they were laid down |
| Mechanical sediments | The sand clay or rock fragments that are transported by physical means and deposited in a thick layer elsewhere |
| Clastic sedimentary rock | Deposits of mechanical sediments that may be "glued" together by pressure or chemical action to form this type of sedimentary rock |
| What is the most abundant sedimentary rock? | Shale |
| Sandstone | Consists of grains of sand cemented together into rock |
| Conglomerate rock | Rock that consists of smooth pebbles embedded in hardened sand or clay |
| Concrete | A man made conglomerate rock consisting of sand and gravel held together by cement |
| Breccia | A rock that contains rough angular fragments instead of smooth pebbles |
| Precipitate | to crystalize |
| Chemical sedimentary rocks | Rocks formed by chemical sediments |
| Forms when water seeps through rocks, causing minerals from the rocks to dissolve in the water and the precipitate and settle out of the solutions | Chemical sediments |
| Limestone | chemical sedimentary rock; at leas 50% of it consists of calcium carbonate |
| Chalk | A type of limestone |
| Evaporrites | Sediments that result from the evaporation of water |
| Salt domes | Halite deposits that occur in deep, underground structures |
| Organic Sediments | Remains of once living plants and animals |
| Organic sedimentary rocks | The rocks organic sediments compose |
| Coal | A useful substance considered an organic sediment |
| Fossil fuel | Coal is called this because it is used for fuel and is derived from the remains of living things |
| Anthracite coal | the highest quality coal |
| Bitumen coal | The most common and widely used form of coal |
| Coal seams | Layered formations usually buried in other sedimentary rock such as sandstone or shale |
| Overburden | the upper layers of the ground |
| Underground mining | Where miners must dig down into the veins of coal |
| Surface mining | Removes coal from the surface of the earth |
| Longwall mining | Uses a rotating drum that travels down a track while grinding coal from the coal seam |
| Continuous mining | Uses a continuous miner to mine |
| Continuous miner | A machine with a large rotating steel drum with teeth that remove coal from the coal vein |
| Retreat mining | Where miners start t the back of a large coal room and room coal pillars as they work toward the entrance of the room |
| Metamorphism | This term is used to describe the change of rock into a new type of rock |
| Contact metamorphism | Results when rocks are "baked" by contact with hot magma |
| Regional metamorphism | when a combination of heat and pressure caused by stress or movements causing rocks to change |
| Foliated rocks | Rocks made up of layers like the leaves of a book |
| Slate | Produced from shale |
| Nonfoliated rocks | Metamorphic rocks that cannot be split into thin layers and other foliated rocks |
| Marble | Formed by limestone |
| Geologic map | Illustrate the location and structure of the earth's materials through various symbols lines and colors |
| Great job! | :) |
Created by:
nelsonclan
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