Leaving cert Biology
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| What is the study of microorganisms called | Microbiology
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| A more common name for the kingdom Monera is ? | Bacteria
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| What type of habitat do bacteria live in | Aquatic and terrestrial
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| True or False, some bacteria can be found in in extreme conditions like , high temperatures, high pressure and low pH | True
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| Bacteria are one celled organisms, what term is given to this | Unicellular
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| True or False, all bacteria have a cell membrane and a cell wall | True
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| Sometime infoldings are present on the cell membrane to increase respiration, what are these called | Mesosomes
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| What is the cell wall made of | Sugar and Proteins
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| What is the function of the cell wall | Gives strength and stops it from bursting
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| For further protection, bacteria MAY have a semi-solid or slime layer present on the outside, what is this called | Capsule
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| Does a bacterial cell have a membrane around its nucleus | No
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| Some bacteria also have a DNA loop that are responsible for bacterial resistance to antibiotics, what are they called | Plasmids
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| What allows some bacteria to move | Flagella
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| What are the three shapes of bacteria | Rod, Cocci and Spiral
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| What do you call the method of reproduction in bacteria | Binary Fission
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| What is the first thing that happens in binary fission | DNA replicates
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| After DNA replicates, what happens | Cell elongates
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| After cell elongates, what happens | Cell divides
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| How do bacteria become resistant to antibiotics | The evolve very fast and mutations are carried through to daughter cells
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| How can some bacteria survive harsh conditions | By forming endospores
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| What happens to the endospore when conditions become favourable again | Tough wall absorbs water and breaks down and then binary fission occurs
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| True or False. Endospores can withstand lack of food and water, high temperatures and most poisons | True
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| What is the term used to describe how an organism makes its own food | Autotrophic
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| What is the term used to describe how an organism makes its own food by using sunlight | Photosynthetic
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| What is the term used to describe how an organism makes its own food by using energy from reactions | Chemosynthetic
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| What is the term used to describe how an organism takes in food made by other organisms | Heterotrophic
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| What is the term used to describe an organism that takes in food from dead organic matter | Saprophyte
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| What is the term used to describe an organism that takes in food from a live host | Parasite
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| What do you call the factors that slow down bacterial growth | Limiting factors
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| What is the optimum temperature of most bacteria | 20 -30 C
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| What happens to bacteria if temperature is too high | They become denatured or some form spores
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| What happens to bacteria if temperature is too low | Slows down bacterial growth
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| Name the bacteria that require oxygen for respiration | Aerobic bacteria
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| Name the bacteria that do not require oxygen for respiration | Anaerobic bacteria
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| Name the type of bacteria that can respire with or without oxygen | Facultative anaerobes
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| Name the type of bacteria that can only respire on the absence of oxygen | Obligate anaerobes
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| What is the optimum pH for most bacteria | 7
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| What happens if a bacteria is placed in an unsuitable pH | Enzymes become denatured
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| Name the process by which bacteria gain or lose water | Osmosis
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| If external solution has a higher solute concentration than bacterial cytoplasm, what happens to bacteria | Water moves out and bacteria becomes dehydrated
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| If external solution has a lower solute concentration than bacterial cytoplasm, what happens to bacteria | Water enters bacteria but wall prevents bursting
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| What happens most bacteria in high pressures | Bacterial wall bursts
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| Two economic benefits of bacteria | Makes yoghurt and cheese and products such as insulin
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| Two economic disadvantages of bacteria | Causes disease and food decay
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| What do you call bacteria that cause disease | Pathogen
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| What do you call compounds produced by microorganisms that stop the growth of, or kill, other microorganisms without damaging human tissue | Antibiotics
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| What do you call bacteria not affected by antibiotics | Antibiotic resistant bacteria
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| What do you call bacterial strains that are resistant to almost all known antibiotics | Multi-resistant bacteria
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| What do you call the first phase of bacterial growth on a growth curve | Lag phase
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| What happens in the lag phase | Bacteria adapt to their new environment
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| What do you call the phase where there is rapid bacterial growth | Log phase
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| What do you call the phase where there is no increase in bacterial numbers | Stationary phase
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| Why does bacterial growth slow down | Lack of food, space, moisture, oxygen
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| What do you call the phase where growth slows down | Decline phase
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| What do you call the phase where bacterial growth stops | Death phase
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| Some bacteria do not enter the death phase, instead they enter the survival phase, why is this | They form endospores
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| What is bioprocessing | The production of useful products using bacteria
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| What do you call the growth of microorganisms in a liquid medium | Fermentation
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| What are the two main methods of bacterial fermentation | Batch culture and Continuous flow culture
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| What do you call a small amount of organism used to start fermentation | Inoculum
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| What is batch culture | A fixed amount of nutrient is added to the inoculum in a bioreactor
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| In batch culture what phase do bacteria go through | Lag, log and stationary
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| After the stationary phase what happens in batch culture | Process is stopped and product formed
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| In continuous flow culture, what is continuously added to the bioreactor | Nutrients
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| Why is it called continuous flow | Bacteria, culture medium are continuously added and product is continuously removed
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| At what stage is bacterial growth maintained in continuous flow | Log phase
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| Which of the two fermentation processes is most commonly used | Batch culture
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