SLS Bio12 Biomolecules (C.Chan)
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| acid | a substance that can react with a base to make a salt.
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| adenosine triphosphate | a nucleotide derived from adenosine that occurs in muscle tissue; the major source of energy for cellular reactions
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| amino acid | an organic compound, and it serves as a building block for proteins.
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| base | a phosphoric ester of a nucleoside; the basic structural unit of nucleic acids
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| buffer | an ionic compound that resists changes in its pH
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| carbohydrate | a compound of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen that is a major source of energy for animals
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| complementary base pairing | describes the manner in which the nitrogenous bases of the DNA molecules align with each other
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| dehydration synthesis | The monomers combine with each other via covalent bonds to form larger molecules known as polymers. In doing so, monomers release water molecules as byproducts.
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| deoxyribonucleic acid | a long linear polymer found in the nucleus of a cell and formed from nucleotides and shaped like a double helix; associated with the transmission of genetic information
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| dipeptide | one molecule, which consists of 2 amino acids that are joined by a single peptide bond
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| disaccharide | A disaccharide is a sugar composed of two monosaccharides. It is formed when two sugars are joined together and a molecule of water is removed.
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| double helix | the structure formed by double-stranded molecules of nucleic acids such as DNA
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| hemoglobin | the protein molecule in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues and returns carbon dioxide from the tissues back to the lungs
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| hydrogen bonding | electrostatic attraction between polar molecules that occurs when a hydrogen (H) atom bound to a highly electronegative atom
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| hydrolysis | a reaction involving the breaking of a bond in a molecule using water
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| lipid | molecules that contain hydrocarbons and make up the building blocks of the structure and function of living cells e.g. fats, oils, waxes, certain vitamins, hormones
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| monomer | a molecule that may bind chemically to other molecules to form a polymer
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| monosaccharide | one sugar, the simplest form of carbohydrates
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| neutral fat | uncharged fat produced by the dehydration synthesis of one or more fatty acids with an alcohol like glycerol
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| nucleic acids | organic molecules that allow organisms to transfer genetic information from one generation to the next.
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| nucleotide | organic molecules that serve as the monomers, or subunits, of nucleic acids like DNA and RNA
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| organic | of, relating to, or denoting compounds containing carbon
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| peptide bond | a covalent chemical bond formed between two amino acid molecules.
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| pH | a numeric scale used to specify the acidity or alkalinity of an aqueous solution, concentration of H+
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| phospholipid | a class of lipids that are a major component of all cell membranes, structure generally consists of two hydrophobic fatty acid "tails" and a hydrophilic "head"
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| polarity | how equally bonding electrons are shared between atoms
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| polymer | a large molecule, or macromolecule, composed of many repeated subunits
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| polypeptide | chains of amino acids
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| polysaccharide | polymeric carbohydrate molecule composed of long chains of monosaccharide units bound together
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| primary structure | linear sequence of amino acids and the location of any disulfide (-S-S-) bridges
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| protein | large biomolecules, or macromolecules, consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues.
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| quaternary structure | the number and arrangement of multiple folded protein subunits in a multi-subunit complex
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| r-group | An abbreviation for any group in which a carbon or hydrogen atom is attached to the rest of the molecule
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| ribonucleic acid | a polymeric molecule implicated in various biological roles in coding, decoding, regulation, and expression of genes
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| saturated fatty acid | no double bonds between the individual carbon atoms of the fatty acid chain. That is, the chain of carbon atoms is fully "saturated" with hydrogen atoms.
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| secondary structure | alpha-helix
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| solvent | a substance that dissolves a solute, resulting in a solution
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| starch | a carbohydrate consisting of a large number of glucose units joined by glycosidic bonds, produced by plants
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| steroid | A group of molecules that includes cholesterol
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| tertiary structure | protein's geometric shape, a single polypeptide chain "backbone" with one or more protein secondary structures, the protein domains
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| unsaturated fatty acid | there is at least one double bond within the fatty acid chain
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| nitrogen base | a nitrogen containing molecule that has the same chemical properties as a base
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