Maintaining a balance terminology p2
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| nitrogeneous wastes | Waste products from metabolic activities involving nitrogen-containing compounds (eg. proteins, amino acids)
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| optimum | conditions at which enzymes work best
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| Trachaeophyta | vascular plants
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| translocation | movement of products of photosynthesis in the phloem of plants
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| transpiration | evaporation of water from the leaf surfaces of plants
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| transpiration stream | movement of water in the xylem tissue
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| urea | breakdown (deamination) of excess amino acids; diluted by water and and excreted and urine
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| uric acid | main nitrogenous waste product of insects reptiles and birds; largely insoluble and excreted as a paste with little water
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| urine | a waste product containing 2% urea
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| vascular bundle | a group of phloem, xylem, and cambium tissue in a stem
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| vascular plants | plants which have conducting vessels, xylem and phloem, including the plants ferns, gymnosperms and angiosperms, which belong to phylum Trachaeophyta
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| vasodilation | increase in the diameter of blood vessels to increase blood flow
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| vasoconstriction | decrease in the diameter of blood vessels to decrease blood flow
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| vein | blood vessel which returns blood to the heart
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| xylem | tissue which transports water and minerals upwards from roots to leaves in ferns, cone-bearing and flowering plants (Trachaeophyta)
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| plasma | Liquid part of the blood, making up around 55% in humans, in which materials are dissolved (eg. carbon dioxide, sugars, amino acids) and formed blood elements are carried (red cells, white cells and platelets)
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| platelets | fragments of cells found in the blood which are involved in the clotting process
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| proximal tubule | convoluted tubule between the loop of Henle and Bowman's capsule.
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| Gymnosperms | Cone-bearing plants
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| Haemoglobin | A complex protein molecule found in red blood cells which transports oxygen
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| Herbaceous | Characteristic of a soft plant; having no woody tissue
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| Homeostasis | The tendency in an organism towards maintenance of physiological stability
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| Homeothermy | Maintenance of a stable body temperature independence of changes in environmental temperature
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| Hypothalamus | Area in the brain which acts to integrate the endocrine and nervous systems in homeostatic control of many body functions (e.g temperature regulation)
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| Isotonic | Having equal osmotic pressures
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| organ | functional and structural unit of most multicellular organisms; consisting of at least two types of tissues eg. in plants - roots, stems, leavos; in animals - heart, liver, kidney
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| organelle | any part of the cell which has a specific functional role; in eukaryotic cells, organelles are normally bound by a membrane
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| osmosis | the movement of water from where it is in high concentration to where it is in low concentration through a selectively permeable membrane
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| osmoregulation | the control of water and salt levels
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| phloem | tissue which transports products of photosynthesis (translocation) in ferns, gymnosperms and angiosperms
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| pituitary | small structure in the brain which secretes hormones, including ones which control the functions of other endocrine glands (e.g. thyroid gland)
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| Kidney | Organ involved in excretion and osmoregulation
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| Lignin | Material which strengthens and keeps xylem vessels open; the major component of wood
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| Lymphatic System | System of thin-walled vessels and groups of tissue (lymph nodes) which drain fluids from around cells back to the bloodstream (fluid called lymph); the system also involved in the immune response and with transport of breakdown products of fat digestions
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| Malphigian tubules | Excretory organ found in insects
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| Metabolic pathways | Series of chemical reactions, each of which is governed by an enzyme. Cellular respiration and photosynthesis are metabolic pathways.
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| Metabolism | All biochemical reactions occurring in the cells of the body; heat is produced as a by-product of metabolism
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| Nephron | Microscopic tubules which make up the functional units of the mammalian kidmey
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| Nervous system | System of nerves and nerve centres in an animal
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| pulse rate | measure of the heart (beats per minute) taken by palpating a position where an artery crosses the bone.
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| rate of reaction | the speed at which a reaction proceeds. It is normally measured as the amount of substate(s) used up or the amount of product(s) formed ina a given amount of time .
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| renal artery | the artery brining blood to the kidney
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| receptor | sensory cell responding to some internal or external environmental variable (eg. cells in the brain responding to CO2 level or temperature of the blood)
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| Respiratory surface | A special surface for gaseous exchange
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| Response | Change in an organism produced by a change in its internal or external environment
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| Stimulus | An environmental factor (inside or outside the body) which is detected by a receptor (e.g. CO2 levels in the blood, temperature of the blood)
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| Salt gland | Structure found in marine birds and turtles which permits excretion of excess salts
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| renal vein | the vein taking blood from the kidney
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| renin | an enzyme found in the stomachs of mammals (especially young), which makes milk go solid (coagulate). It is found in the junket tablets used to make a dessert out of milk and flavouring (sort of yoghurt dessert)
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