Review of Chemistry
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| Matter | anything that takes up spaces and has mass
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| Atoms | the smallest chemical units of matter
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| Electrons | negatively charged subatomic particles circling a nucleus
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| Nucleus | structure containing neurons and protons
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| Neurons | uncharged particles
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| Protons | positively charged particles
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| Element | pure chemical substance consisting of one type of atom
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| Atomic number | equal to the number of protons in the nucleus
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| Atomic mass (atomic weight) | sum of masses of protons, neutrons, and electrons
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| Isotopes | atoms of a given element that differ in the number of NEUTRONS in their nuclei
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| Valence electrons | electrons in outermost shell that interact with other atoms
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| Chemical bonds | atoms combine by sharing or transferring valence electrons
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| Molecule | two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds
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| Compound | a molecule composed of more than one element
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| Covalent bond | sharing of a pair of electrons by two atoms
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| Nonpolar covalent bonds | -shared electrons spend equal amounts of time around each nucleus
-no poles exist
-equal sharing
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| Polar covalent bonds | -unequal sharing of electrons
-polarity
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| Ionic bonds | -atoms with either positive (cation) or negative (anion) charges
-no electrons shared
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| Hydrogen bonds | -electrical attraction between charged H+ and negative charge on same or different molecule
-Weaker than covalent bonds but essential for life
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| Oxidation | -release of electrons
-more +
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| Reduction | -gain of electrons
-more -
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| Synthesis reaction | -involve the formation of larger molecules
-require energy (endothermic)
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| Dehydration synethesis | loss of water in a polymerization reaction
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| Anabolism | all the synthesis reactions in an organism
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| Decomposition reactions | -break bonds within larger molecules
-release energy (exothermic)
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| Hydrolysis | the breaking of polymers into its units, by adding water
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| Catabolism | all the decomposition reactions in an organism
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| Water | -most abundant substance in organism
-most of its special characteristics due to 2 polar covalent bonds
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| Water freezes | 0 C
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| Water boils | 100 C
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| Acids and bases are | dissociated by water into component cations and anions
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| Acid | dissociates into one or more H+
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| Base | binds with B+ when dissolved into water; OH-
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| Metabolism requires.. | relatively constant balance of bases and acids
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| Organic macromolecules | large molecules used by all organisms
-lipids
-carbs
-proteins
-nucleic acids
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| Monomers | basic building blocks of macromolecules
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| Lipids | not composed of regular subunits, but are all hydrophobic
4 groups: fats, phospholipids, waxes, steroids
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| Fats | triglycerides
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| Phospholipids | -2 fatty acid form dehydration synthesis with glycerol and phosphate
- building block of membranes
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| Waxes | contain one long-chain fatty acid covalently linked to long-chain alcohol by ester bond
-completely insoluble in water
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| Steroids | -4 ring structure
-hydrophobic
-smaller
-can be imbedded in membrane and can pass through
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| Carbohydrates | Organic molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (CH2O)
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| Carbohydrates Functions | 1.) long-term storage of chemical energy
2.) ready energy source
3.) structural support
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| Carb types: | Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
polysaccharides
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| Glycosidic bonds | links carbs
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| Dextrans | secreted by some bacteria to form slime layers-biofilms
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| Agar | used to make solid culture media; comes from seaweeds; complex of galactose and sulfur containing carbohydrates
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| Chitin | polymer of glucosamine; major component of many fungi
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| Peptidoglycan | glycans (polysaccharides) linked by small peptides; component of bacterial cell walls
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| Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) | complex of lipids and polysaccharides; component of gram-negative cell walls
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| Biofilm | extra cellulose layer; form dome around organism
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| Protein functions | -structure
-enzymatic catalysis
-regulation-respond to stimuli
-transportation
-defense
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| Amino acids | look in notes
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| Peptide bond | a covalent bond that is formed between amino acids by dehydration synthesis reaction
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| Peptide bond structure | has a central C, carboxyl group, H, amino acid, and side group (R)
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| Linkage of amino acids by | peptide bond
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| nucleic acids | DNA and RNA
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| Monomers | nucleotides
-three parts
--phosphate
--pentose sugar(deoxyribose or ribose) (5 sugar)
--one of the 5 nitrogenous bases
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| DNA bases | A,T,G,C
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| RNA bases | A,U,G,C
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| Bonds between C and G | 3 H bonds
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| Bonds between T and A in DNA or U and A in RNA | 2 H bonds
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| DNA is | double stranded in most cells and viruses
- 2 stands are complentary
- 2 strands are antiparellel
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Created by:
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