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Microbiology Ch. 2
Review of Chemistry
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Matter | anything that takes up spaces and has mass |
| Atoms | the smallest chemical units of matter |
| Electrons | negatively charged subatomic particles circling a nucleus |
| Nucleus | structure containing neurons and protons |
| Neurons | uncharged particles |
| Protons | positively charged particles |
| Element | pure chemical substance consisting of one type of atom |
| Atomic number | equal to the number of protons in the nucleus |
| Atomic mass (atomic weight) | sum of masses of protons, neutrons, and electrons |
| Isotopes | atoms of a given element that differ in the number of NEUTRONS in their nuclei |
| Valence electrons | electrons in outermost shell that interact with other atoms |
| Chemical bonds | atoms combine by sharing or transferring valence electrons |
| Molecule | two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds |
| Compound | a molecule composed of more than one element |
| Covalent bond | sharing of a pair of electrons by two atoms |
| Nonpolar covalent bonds | -shared electrons spend equal amounts of time around each nucleus -no poles exist -equal sharing |
| Polar covalent bonds | -unequal sharing of electrons -polarity |
| Ionic bonds | -atoms with either positive (cation) or negative (anion) charges -no electrons shared |
| Hydrogen bonds | -electrical attraction between charged H+ and negative charge on same or different molecule -Weaker than covalent bonds but essential for life |
| Oxidation | -release of electrons -more + |
| Reduction | -gain of electrons -more - |
| Synthesis reaction | -involve the formation of larger molecules -require energy (endothermic) |
| Dehydration synethesis | loss of water in a polymerization reaction |
| Anabolism | all the synthesis reactions in an organism |
| Decomposition reactions | -break bonds within larger molecules -release energy (exothermic) |
| Hydrolysis | the breaking of polymers into its units, by adding water |
| Catabolism | all the decomposition reactions in an organism |
| Water | -most abundant substance in organism -most of its special characteristics due to 2 polar covalent bonds |
| Water freezes | 0 C |
| Water boils | 100 C |
| Acids and bases are | dissociated by water into component cations and anions |
| Acid | dissociates into one or more H+ |
| Base | binds with B+ when dissolved into water; OH- |
| Metabolism requires.. | relatively constant balance of bases and acids |
| Organic macromolecules | large molecules used by all organisms -lipids -carbs -proteins -nucleic acids |
| Monomers | basic building blocks of macromolecules |
| Lipids | not composed of regular subunits, but are all hydrophobic 4 groups: fats, phospholipids, waxes, steroids |
| Fats | triglycerides |
| Phospholipids | -2 fatty acid form dehydration synthesis with glycerol and phosphate - building block of membranes |
| Waxes | contain one long-chain fatty acid covalently linked to long-chain alcohol by ester bond -completely insoluble in water |
| Steroids | -4 ring structure -hydrophobic -smaller -can be imbedded in membrane and can pass through |
| Carbohydrates | Organic molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (CH2O) |
| Carbohydrates Functions | 1.) long-term storage of chemical energy 2.) ready energy source 3.) structural support |
| Carb types: | Monosaccharides Disaccharides polysaccharides |
| Glycosidic bonds | links carbs |
| Dextrans | secreted by some bacteria to form slime layers-biofilms |
| Agar | used to make solid culture media; comes from seaweeds; complex of galactose and sulfur containing carbohydrates |
| Chitin | polymer of glucosamine; major component of many fungi |
| Peptidoglycan | glycans (polysaccharides) linked by small peptides; component of bacterial cell walls |
| Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) | complex of lipids and polysaccharides; component of gram-negative cell walls |
| Biofilm | extra cellulose layer; form dome around organism |
| Protein functions | -structure -enzymatic catalysis -regulation-respond to stimuli -transportation -defense |
| Amino acids | look in notes |
| Peptide bond | a covalent bond that is formed between amino acids by dehydration synthesis reaction |
| Peptide bond structure | has a central C, carboxyl group, H, amino acid, and side group (R) |
| Linkage of amino acids by | peptide bond |
| nucleic acids | DNA and RNA |
| Monomers | nucleotides -three parts --phosphate --pentose sugar(deoxyribose or ribose) (5 sugar) --one of the 5 nitrogenous bases |
| DNA bases | A,T,G,C |
| RNA bases | A,U,G,C |
| Bonds between C and G | 3 H bonds |
| Bonds between T and A in DNA or U and A in RNA | 2 H bonds |
| DNA is | double stranded in most cells and viruses - 2 stands are complentary - 2 strands are antiparellel |
Created by:
KatelynnJoy
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