AP Government ch4 vocab
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| amendability | the provision for the Constitution to be changed, so as to adapt to new circumstances
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| bicameral legislature | legislature with two chambers
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| block grant | federal funds provided for a broad purpose, unrestricted by detailed requirements and regulations
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| categorical grant | federal funds provided for a specific purpose, restricted by detailed instructions, regulations, and compliance standards
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| checks and balances | the principle that allows each branch of government to exercise some form of control over the others
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| concurrent powers | powers that are shared by both the federal and state governments
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| confederal systems | governments in which local units hold all the power
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| cooperative federalism | the federal system umder which the national and state governments share responsibilities for most domestic policy areas
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| devolution | the transfer of powers and responsibilities from the federal government to the states
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| dual federalism | the federal system under which the national and state governments are responsible for separate policy areas
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| Electoral College | an intermediary body that elects the president
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| enumerated powers of Congress | congressional powers specifically named in the Constitution (Article 1, Section 8)
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| executive | the branch of government responsible for putting laws into effect
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| fusion of powers | an alternative to separation of powers, combining or blending branches of government
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| Gibbons v. Ogden | Supreme Court ruling (1824) establishing national authority over interstate business
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| initiative | citizen petitions to place a proposal or constitutional amendment on the ballot, to be adopted or rejected by majority vote, bypassing the legislature
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| judicial power | the power to interpret laws and judge whether a law has been broken
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| judicial review | the power of the Supreme Court to rule on the constitutionality of laws
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| legislative supremacy | an alternative to judicial review, the acceptance of legislative acts as the final law of the land
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| legislature | the body of government that makes laws
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| McCulloch v. Maryland | Supreme Court ruling (1819) confirming the supremacy of national over state government
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| necessary and proper clause | constitutional authorization for Congress to make any law required to carry out its powers
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| nullifications | declaration by a state that a federal law is void within its borders
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| parliamentary system | government in which the executive is chosen by the legislature from among its members and the two branches are merged
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| presidential system | government in which the executive is chosen independently of the legislature and the two branches are separate
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| recall elections | votes to remove elected officials from office
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| referendum | an election in which a bill passed by the state legislature is submitted to voters for approval
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| republic | a government in which decisions are made through representatives of the people
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| separation of powers | the institutional arrangement that assigns judicial, executive, and legislative powers to different persons or groups, thereby limiting the powers of each
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| supremacy clause | constitutional declaration (Article VI) that the Constitution and laws made under its provisions are the supreme law of the land
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| unfunded mandate | a federal order mandating that states operate and pay for a program created at the national level
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| unicameral legislature | a legislature with one chamber
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| unitary system | government in which all power is centralized
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