SLS Bio12 Biomolecules
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| acid | a molecule or other entity that can donate a proton or accept an electron pair in reactions.
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| adenosine triphosphate (ATP) | ATP transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism
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| amino acid | are the building blocks of all biological proteins.Genes are translated by RNA to amino acid chains
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| base | are substances that accept protons from acids.
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| buffer | Buffer solutions are used as a means of keeping pH at a nearly constant value in a wide variety of chemical applications.
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| carbohydrate | is a biological molecule consisting of carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) atoms, usually with a hydrogen
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| complementary base pairing | the nitrogenous bases of the DNA molecules align with each other. adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T)
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| dehydration synthesis | Dehydration synthesis is the removing of the hydroxl(-OH) and the hydrogen atoms from two organic substances which merges them into one(covalent bond).
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| deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) | The molecule that carries genetic information in all living systems (see genetic code). The DNA molecule is formed in the shape of a double helix
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| dipeptide | When two amino acids are joined together, a dipeptide is formed. A special chemical bond called a peptide bond holds together two amino acids.
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| double helix, | structure of the DNA molecule.
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| hemoglobin | is a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout the body.
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| hydrogen bonding | is the attractive force between the hydrogen attached to an electronegative atom of one molecule and an electronegative atom of a different molecule.
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| hydrolysis | is a reaction involving the breaking of a bond in a molecule using water.
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| lipid | are a group of naturally occurring molecules that include fats, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins (such as vitamins A, D, E, and K), monoglycerides, diglycerides, triglycerides, phospholipids
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| monomer | is a molecule that may bind chemically to other molecules to form a polymer.
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| monosaccharide | are the simplest form of carbohydrates. They consist of one sugar and are usually colorless, water-soluble, crystalline solids. Some monosaccharides have a sweet taste. Examples of monosaccharides include glucose (dextrose), fructose,
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| Neutral fats | are neutral because they are uncharged and do not contain acidic or basic groups. They are nonpolar and hydrophobic.
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| nucleic acids | a complex organic substance present in living cells, especially DNA or RNA, whose molecules consist of many nucleotides linked in a long chain.
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| nucleotide | are organic molecules that serve as the monomers, or subunits, of nucleic acids like DNA and RNA.
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| organic | the chemistry of carbon compounds (other than simple salts such as carbonates, oxides, and carbides).
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| peptide bond | is a covalent chemical bond formed between two amino acid molecules.
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| ph | is a numeric scale used to specify the acidity or alkalinity of an aqueous solution. Solutions with a pH less than 7 are acidic and solutions with a pH greater than 7 are alkaline or basic.
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| phospholipid | are a class of lipids that are a major component of all cell membranes. They can form lipid bilayers because of their amphiphilic characteristic.
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| polarity | the property of having poles or being polar.
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| polymer | is a large molecule, or macromolecule, composed of many repeated subunits.
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| polypeptide | are chains of amino acids. Proteins are made up of one or more polypeptide molecules.
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| polysaccharide | are polymeric carbohydrate molecule composed of long chains of monosaccharide units bound together by glycosidic linkages and on hydrolysis give the constituent monosaccharides or oligosaccharides.
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| primary structure | of a protein is its linear sequence of amino acids and the location of any disulfide (-S-S-) bridges.
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| protein | Proteins are macromolecules. They are constructed from one or more unbranched chains of amino acids; that is, they are polymers.
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| quaternary structure | is the number and arrangement of multiple folded protein subunits in a multi-subunit complex.
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| R-group | An abbreviation for any group in which a carbon or hydrogen atom is attached to the rest of the molecule.
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| ribonucleic acid (RNA) | any of a class of single-stranded molecules transcribed from DNA in the cell nucleus or in the mitochondrion or chloroplast
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| saturated fatty acid | s a fat that consists of triglycerides containing only saturated fatty acids. Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds between the individual carbon atoms of the fatty acid chain
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| secondary structure | The most common type of secondary structure in proteins is the alpha-helix.
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| solvent | is a substance that dissolves a solute (a chemically different liquid, solid or gas),
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| starch, | is a carbohydrate consisting of a large number of glucose units joined by glycosidic bonds.
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| steroid | comprise a group of cyclic organic compounds whose most common characteristic is an arrangement of seventeen carbon atoms in a four-ring structure
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| tertiary structure | will have a single polypeptide chain "backbone" with one or more protein secondary structures, the protein domains
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| unsaturated fatty acid | is a fat or fatty acid in which there is at least one double bond within the fatty acid chain
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| nitrogenous base | s simply a nitrogen containing molecule that has the same chemical properties as a base.
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