Exam 1
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| Physiology is the study of: | how parts of an organism function.
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| What is the major underlying theme of physiology? | Homeostasis
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| What is the relative constancy of the internal environment inf the face of a fluctuating external environment? | Homeostasis
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| What are the two primary methods of maintaining homeostasis? | Negative Feedback Loop
Positive Feedback Loop
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| Aimed at maintaining both short-term and long-term homeostasis: | Negative Feedback Loop
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| Aimed at maintaining long-term homeostasis | Positive Feedback Loop
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| Occur when a value in the body such as internal body temperature moves away from a set-point. | Negative Feedback Loop
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| Occur when a small change in a value results in an even bigger change which results in an even bigger change in that value. Move a value further and further from set-point until some specific goal is reached. | Positive Feedback Loop
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| Contractions during labor result in even bigger contractions that cause bigger contractions until delivery occurs. This is an example of: | Positive Feedback Loop
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| Temperature, Levels of hormones, rates of cell division, muscle lengths, blood pressure are examples of: | Negative Feedback Loop
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| Contractions during labor, immune resonse, blood clotting, ovulation, action potentials in nerve cells are examples of: | Positive Feedback Loop
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| How is physiology studied: | By use of scientific method.
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| What type of feedback loop controls blood clotting after a shallow cut? | Positive Feedback Loop
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| Cells cultured outside the body | In vitro
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| Drugs tested on healthy humans to determine how the drug is handled by the body | Phase I Clinical Trials
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| Drugs tested on the target population | Phase II Clinical Trials
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| Maximize range of test subjects and conditions | Phase III Clinical Trials
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| Other potential uses of the drug | Phase IV Clinical Trials
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| In which phase of development of a new drug is the drug tested on the target population? | Phase II Clinical Trials
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| The fundamental unit of life is a: | cell
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| When cells are arranged in groups they are called: | tissues
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| What are the four basic types of human tissue: | Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous
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| Generate mechanical activities that produce force and movement. (e.g. heart, limbs intestine, uterus) | muscle tissue
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| Initiate and conduct electrical impulses. | nervous tissue
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| Selectively secrete and absorb ions and organic molecules, membranes,and glands. (e.g. intestine, salivary glands) | epithelial tissue
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| connect, anchor and support structures of the body. (e.g. cartilage, blood, bone, adipose) | connective tissue
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| What type of tissue whould you expect to selectively absorb food molecules in the intestine? | epithelial
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| What four elements make up 99% of atoms in the body: | Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen
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| The three primary chemical bonds that hold molecules in the body together are: | covalent, ionic, hydrogen
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| Strong bonds that occur when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons. | Covalent bonds
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| What type of bond is produced when electrons are shared equally | nonpolar covalent bond
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| What type of bond is produced when electrons are shared unequally | polar covalent bond
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| Occurs when a strongly electronegative atom steals an electron from a weakly electronegative atom to crate a negative charge on one atom and a positive charge on the other atom. | Ionic bonds
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| Form when there is an electrical attraction between the H atom in a polar bond with a strongly electronegative atom in the polar bond of another molecule. | Hydrogen bond
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| What type of bond is formed when an electron pair is shared between two atoms, but the electrons spend more of their time around one more than the other. | Polar bond
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| Molecules attracted to water have what type of bonds | Polar
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| Which type of bond is the weakest? | hydrogen
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| Human body temperature is an example of homeostasis because body temperature stays relatively constant even when humans encounter extreme fluctuations in the temperature of the external environment. (True or False) | True
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| Molecules with polar bonds are attracted to water. (True or False) | True
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| A molecule that is composed of 6 carbon, 12 hydrogen, and 6 oxygen atoms is a valid carbohydrate. (True or False) | True
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| movement of molecules from where they are in high concentration to where they are in low concentration solely as result of random movement of molecules | Diffusion
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| 3 things that affect the rate of diffusion are: | 1. Magnitude of the concentration gradient across the membrane
2. The permeability of the membrane to the diffusing substance
3. The surface area of the membrane through which the substance is diffusing
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| diffusion of water across membrane that is impermeable to most other compounds; Water moves from where water is in high concentration to where water is in low concentration. | Osmosis
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| occurs when a substance is transported down a concentration gradient by a transport proteintext annotation indicator; does not require the addition of energy | Facilitated diffusion
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| active transport of molecules using a protein (pump) that uses ATP as the energy source ex: Na+/K+ pump | Primary active transport
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| uses energy of ion moving DOWN its electrochemical gradient to drive transport of a different molecule UP its electrochemical gradient. | Secondary active transport
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| transport of macromolecules into the cell by forming vesicles from plasma membrane; includes phagocytosistext annotation indicator and pinocytosistext annotation indicator | Endocytosis
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| transport of macromolecules out of cell by fusion of vesicles with plasma membrane | Exocytosis
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| What is the energy source of primary active transport? | ATP
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| proteins that act as catalyststext annotation indicator to increase the rate of reactions by lowering the activation energytext annotation indicator of the reaction. | Enzymes
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| Properties of enzymes include: | Specificity
Affinity
Saturation
Competition
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| What affects reaction rates? | Enzyme concentration
Enzyme activity
Substrate and product concentrations
End product inhibition
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| the shape of enzyme's functional site is altered to match the ligand by binding of a molecule to enzyme's regulatory site; activates the enzyme | Allosteric modulation
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| the shape of enzyme's functional site is altered to match the ligand by covalent bonding of charged chemical group to enzyme; activates the enzyme | Covalent modulation
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| An enzyme that can only bind to one ligand is more specifc than an enzyme that can bind to three ligands. (True or false) | True
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| Basic structural and functional unit of the nervous system | neuron
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| transmit information from sensory receptors into the CNS, cell body and the long peripheral process of the axon are in the PNStext annotation indicator; only the short central process of the axon enters the CNS; may have no dendrites | Afferent Neurons
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| transmit information out of the CNS to effector cells (particularly muscles, glands, or other neurons); cell body, dendrites, and a small segment of the axon are in the CNS; most of the axon is in the PNS | Efferent Neurons
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| Integrators, signal changers; process sensory information from afferent neurons; send commnds to efferent neurons; perform functions thought, memory, & emotions; integrate afferent & efferent neurons into reflex circuits; in the CNS; account for 99% of ne | Interneurons
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| carry information about both the internal and the external environment to the central nervous system, interneurons organize that information and decide what to do with it | Afferent Neurons
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| carry information about how to respond to that information back out to effectors in the body | Efferent Neurons
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| cells that "support" neurons; account for approximately 90% of the cells in the nervous system | Glial Cells:
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| critical to formation of BBB, stimulate endothelial cells to form tight junctions, sustain neurons metabolically, regulate composition of extracellular fluid by removing potassium ions and NTs from synapses, guide neurons during development, promote growt | Astrocytes:
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| line the cerebral ventricles of the brain and central canal of the spinal cord, found in CNS | Ependymal
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| perform immune functions in CNS | Microglia
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| form myelin around axons in the central nervous system | Oligodendrocytes
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| form myelin around axons in the peripheral nervous system | Schwann Cells
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| Which class of neuron carries informatin towards the CNS? | afferent neurons
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| Neurons have a very high metabolic rate. (true or false) | True
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| What percent of the cells in the nervous system are glial cells? | 90%
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| enlarged portion of the cell that contains the nucleus and produces macromolecules | Cell body
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| thin branched processestext annotation indicator that extend from the cytoplasm of the cell body and serve as a receptive area that transmits electrical impulses to the cell body | Dendrites
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| process that carries information away from the cell body | Axon
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| the site where an axon originates on a cell body that is specialized for the initiation of action potentialstext annotation indicator in an axon | Axon Hillock
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| branches of an axon | Axon Collateral
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| The electrical signal that occurs within a neuron is called an | action potential (AP)
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| occur before the synpase | Presynaptic neurons
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| occur after the synpase | postsynaptic neurons
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| What is the correct order of informatin flow within a neuron? | dendrite, cell body, axon
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| difference in voltage between two points | Potential Difference (E)
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| difference in voltage across the plasma membrane from the inside of the cell to the outside of a cell | Membrane Potential (Vm)
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| difference in voltage between the inside and outside of a cell when the cell is at rest (not sending signals) | Resting Vm
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| a relatively small change in membrane potential produced by some type of stimulus that triggers the opening or closing of ion channels; size of a graded potential is dependent upon the size of the stimulus | Graded Potential
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| graded potential produced in a post-synpatic cell in response to neurotransmitters binding to receptors | Synaptic Potential
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| graded potential produced in response to a stimulus acting on a sensory receptor | Receptor Potential
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| large, rapid change in membrane potential produced by depolarization of an excitable cell's plasma membrane past threshold; the electrical signal in a neuron; APs are "all-or-none" | Action Potential
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| the membrane potential that counters the chemical forces acting to move an ion across a membrane which puts the ion at equilibrium; the membrane potential that a cell would have if it were based on a single ion which is allowed to come to equilibrium | Equilibrium Potential
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| The membrane potential of a cell is based on two factors: | 1. the electrochemical gradienttext annotation indicator of all the ions in the intracellular and extracellular fluid
2. the permeability of the cell membrane to those ions.
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| describes the membrane potential that would result in a neuron if only a single type of ion determined the membrane potential of a cell. This is called the ion's "equilibrium potential". | The Nernst equation
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| An electrical signal in a neuron must have some type of trigger called a ________ to occur. | stimulus
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| cause a cell membrane to depolarize a little bit which means to become more positive/less negative. | EPSP or excitatory post-synaptic potential
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| What will occur If a stimulus is big enough to cause a graded potential that is big enough to cause the cell membrane potential to reach threshold | action potential
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| Immediately following an action potential, the portion of a cell membrane that just underwent the electrical signal enters into a less excitable period called the: | refractory period.
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| a stimulus that triggers a graded potential that does NOT cause the cell membrane to reach threshold so does NOT cause an action potential | Subthreshold Stimulus
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| a stimulus that is big enough to trigger a graded potential that causes the cell membrane to reach threshold and triggers an action potential | Threshold Stimulus
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| a stimulus that is bigger than needed to trigger a big enough graded potential to cause the cell membrane to reach threshold and trigger an action potential | Suprathreshold Stimulus
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| the time period immediately following an action potential in which it is impossible to trigger an action potential because all of the voltage-gated sodium ion channels are closed and inactivated | Absolute Refractory Period:
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| the time period immediately following the absolute refractory period in which it is difficult but not impossible (need a bigger stimulus) to trigger a second action potential because some but not all of the voltage-gated sodium in channels are activated | Relative Refractory Period
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| When an action potential reaches the axon terminal of a neuron, the electrical signal gets transduced into a chemical signal in the form of a neurotransmitter. (true or false) | True
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| used as a neurotransmitter in both the CNS and PNS, but it is the most abundant NTtext annotation indicator in the PNS where it is used by efferent neurons of the somatic and autonomic branches. | Acetylcholine
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| Which neurotransmitter is the most abundant NT in the CNS? | amino acids
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| consists of the brain and spinal cord; | Central Nervous System
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| motor neurons are efferent neurons that lead to skeletal muscle cell body is in CNS have one synapse directly onto muscle excitatory only use acetylcholine | Somatic NS
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| the pathway that information travels to reach perception or the conscious interpretation of the world based on the sensory system itself, memory, and other neural processes. | sensory system
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