Microbiology- UALR- Dr. Ali
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| The structure of DNA was discovered by __________ | James Watson and Francis Crick (1953)
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| Probably the most studied microbe: | Bacteria
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| Joseph Lister was credited with the implementation of ________ technique. | Aseptic technique (19th century)
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| Collectively microbes constitute roughly _____% of the earth's biomass. | 60%
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| One of the most significant benefits that microbes provide is the ability to synthesize _____ | DNA
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| Who developed the compound microscope? | British Scientist Robert Hooke (17th century)
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| The "father of modern microbiology" | Louis Pasteur
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| Because microbes reproduce relatively quickly they are particularly useful in ________ studies. | Genetic
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| Some of Louis Pasteur's contributions: | Swan-necked flask, pasturization, the fermention process
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| Earth is the planet of _______ | Bacteria
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| Microbiology is: | The study of microbes. The study of organisms so small you need a microscope to study them.
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| A type of virus containing a nucleic acid and lacking a protein covering. | Viroid
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| The theory that states that microorganisms can arise from non-living material. | Spontaneous Generation Theory
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| 2 dimensions of the scope of Microbiology: | The study of the kinds of microbes and the kind of work that microbiologists do.
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| The vast majority of microorganisms are directly or indirectly __________. | Beneficial
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| Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann formulated what? | The Cell Theory
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| The supposed first microbiology course was taught by ________________ ______________ | Robert Koch
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| Robert Koch invented the technique to prepare _____________ _______________ | Pure cultures
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| Robert Koch worked as a _________________ for most of his casreer. | Physician
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| Who developed the simple microscope? | Anton Von Leeuwenhoek (17th-18th century)
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| The tiniest of all microbes: | Virus
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| Compaired to other organisms, microbes have relatively _________________ structures. | Simple
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| Less than _____% of known microbes cause disease. | 1%
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| ___________ ____________ is credited with seeing the first living organism "animalecules." | Anton Von Leeuwenhoek
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| The theory that states that microorganisms can invade other organisms and cause disease. | The Germ Theory of Disease
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| Bacteria do not have a __________ | Nucleus
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| Pasteur aided greatly in the development of ______________ | Vaccines
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| The "swan-necked" flask is associated with ______________ _______________ | Louis Pasteur
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| Most microbes are _____cellular | uni-
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| Francesco Redi devised what experiment to disprove spontaneous generation? | Meat in jars
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| What theory states that cells are the fundamental unit of life | Cell theory
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| A virus that has protein and is lacking nucleic acid: | Prion
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| The smallest chemical unit of matter | Atom
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| 2 or more atoms chemically combined: | Molecule
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| The most common elements in all forms of life: | Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen
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| Atomic Number | The number of protons in an atom
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| Atomic Weight | Total number of protons and neutrons in an atom
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| Ion | An atom or molecule that had gained or lost one or more electrons.
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| Acid | A hydrogen ion donor (accepts H+ ions in solution)
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| Base | A proton acceptor; hydroxyl ion donor (releases OH- ions in solution)
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| Anion | An ion that had gained an electron, becoming negatively charged.
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| Isotope | Atoms of the same element that contain different numbers of neutrons.
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| The key element that all life is made up of: | Carbon
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| Particles too large to form true solutions | Colloids
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| Matter that is composed of one kind of atom | Element
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| Protons and Neutrons are located where? | Nucleus
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| The mass of a proton or neutron is almost exactly equal to _____ | 1 AMU
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| Atoms of molecules are held together by _________ bonds. | Chemical
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| Ionic Bond | Formed by the attraction of oppositely charged ions
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| Covalent Bond | When atoms share pairs of electrons
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| Mole | Same as "gram molecular weight," the weight of a substance in grams equal to the sum of the atomic weights of the atoms in a molecule of the substance.
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| Radioisotopes | Unstable isotopes that emmit subatomic particles and radiation.
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| Atoms of molecules are held together by what kind of bonds? | Chemical
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| Catabolism | The breaking down of molecules (the release of energy)
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| Anabolism | The synthesis of larger molecules (uses energy)
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| Water is a __________ compound and has a high ___________ __________ | Polar; surface tension
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| A pH of "7" is __________ | Neutral
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| A pH above "7" is ________ | Basic
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| A pH below "7" is ________ | Acidic
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| The study of Carbon-containing compounds | Organic Chemistry
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| LIpids are insoluable in ________ | Water
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| Lipids are soluable in _________ | Non-polar solvents
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| Fats consist of ______ and _______ ________ | Glycerol and fatty acids
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| Phospholipids contain a phosphate group instead of a _________ __________ | Fatty acid
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| Steroids have a complex ______-ring structure | 4
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| Proteins consist of ______ ________ linked by ________ bonds | amino acids; peptide
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| Enzymes increase the rate of _______ _______ in living organisms | Chemical Reactions
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| The simplest of carbohydrates | Monosaccharides
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| The body's primary use for carbohydrates is ________ | Energy
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| Monosaccharides can form together to form ___________ & __________ | Disaccharides; polysaccharides
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| Nucleotides consist of what three parts? | Nitrogenous base, a five-carbon sugar, and one or more phosphate groups
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| Nulceic Acids consist of lon polymers of nucleotides called ____________________ | Polynucleotides
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| The 2 nucleic acids that are found in living organisms | Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) and Deoxyridonucleic Acid (DNA)
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| Enzymes are protein _________ | Catalysts
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| Viruses have either ______ or ____ but not both. | DNA or RNA
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| Functional Group | The part of a molecule that generally participates in chemical reactions as a unit and that gives the molecule some of its chemical properties.
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| Oxidation | The addition of oxygen or the removal of H+ ions or electrons in a substance
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| Reduction | The removal of oxygen or the addition of H+ ions or electrons in a substance.
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| Monosaccharides consist of: | A carbon chain or ring with several alcohol groups and one other functional group.
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| Several monosaccharides are _________ and they have the same __________ ____________ | Isomers; molecular formula
(but different structures and properties)
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| The most abundant monosaccharide | Glucose
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| Monosaccharides can be reduced to become ___________ & _________ | Doxy sugars and sugar alcohols
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| Diasaccharides are formed when 2 monosaccharides are connected by the removal of __________ (dehydration synthesis) _________ bond. | Water; glycosidic
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| Glycosidic Bond | A sugar alcohol/sugar linkage
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| Polysacchairdes are formed when many ___________ are linked together. | Monosaccharides
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| Polymer | A long chain of repeating units
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| Triacylglycerol | A fat formed when 3 fatty acids are bonded to glycerol.
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| The smaller the distance between objects distinguished, the __________ the resolving power. | Greater
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| A numerical measure ofthe resolution that can be obtained with a specific lens | Resolving Power
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| The measurement from crest to crest or trough to trough | Wavelength
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| Resolving power is dependent on the ________ source | Light
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| Constant value for a particular lens | Numerical Aperture
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| The ability of a microscope to differentiate between two distinct structures | Resolution
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| Micrometer | 10^-6
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| Nanometer | 10^-9
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| Immersion oil is used to prevent loss of ______ resulting from refraction. | Light
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| Total magnification is ________ lens magnifying power, multiplied by ocular lens magnifying power. | Objective
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| ____________ light is used in Florescence Microscopy | Ultraviolet
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| Electron Microscopy uses a beam of _________ instead of a beam of light. | Electrons
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| Transmission Electron Microscopy is used to see the _________ structures of microbes. | Internal
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| Scanning Electron Microscopy is used to see the __________ structures of microbes. | External/ Surface
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| Cationic dyes are _______ | Basic/positive
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| Anionic dyes are _______ | Acidic/negative
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| Negatively charged bacterial cell walls bind with _________ dye. | Cationic
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| Prokaryotic cells do not have a defined _____________ | Nucleus
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| Eukaryotic cells have a _____ nucleus containing _______ | True; DNA
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| Cell walls provide a characteristic ________; they also prevent the cell from ______ | Shape; bursting
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| 3 Bacterial cell wall types: | Gram positive; Gram negative; Acid-fast
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| Instead of a true nucleus, bacteria have a _________ ________ | Nuclear Region
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| The bacteria's nuclear region is composed primarily of: | DNA (some RNA and protein)
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| Ribosomes consist of __________ and __________ | RNA and protein
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| Flagellum are made up of what protein? | Flagellin
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| Bacteria with one single flagellum | Monotirchous
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| Bacteria with one flagellum at each end | Amphetrichous
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| Bacteria with two or more flagella at each end | Lophotrichous
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| Bacteria that have flagella all over | Peritrichous
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| Bacteria with no flagella | Atrichous
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| Chemotaxis | The movement of bacteria in response to a chemical
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| Phototaxis | The movement of bacteria in response to light
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| Positive Chemotaxis | Movement of a bacterium toward a chemical
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| Negative Chemotaxis | Movement of a bacterium away from a chemical
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| Pili help bacterium _________ to nutrition sources | Attach
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| The type of pili that is associated with bacterial reproduction | Conjugation Pili
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| Eukaryotic cells are more/less complex than prokaryotic cells. | More
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| Psudopodia is the movement of ____________ | Cytoplasm
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| Cell membranes are ____________. (meaning they only allow select material in and out) | Semipermeable
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| Type of cell that have a nucleus and membrane-enclosed structure: | Eukaryotic Cell
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| Carbohydrates are bonded by: | Glycosidic Bonds
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| Lipids are bonded by: | Ester Bonds
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| Amino Acids are bonded by: | Peptide Bonds
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| Nucleic Acid/ Nulceotides are bonded by: | Phosphodiester Linkage
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| Type of cell that lacks nucleus and other membrane-enclosed structures: | Prokaryotic Cell
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| Where is DNA located in eukaryotic cells? | In membrane enclosed nucleus
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| Where is DNA located in prokaryotic cells? | In nuclear region
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| List the 3 domains: | Archaea
Bacteria
Eukarya
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| Viruses are _____________ | Acellualr
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| Bacteria have a (large or small) surface to volume ratio? | Large
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| Spherical bacteria | Coccus
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| Rod-like bacteria | Bacillus
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| "comma- shaped" bacteria | Vibrio
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| "wavy-shaped" bacteria | Spirillum
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| "corkscrew-shaped" bacteria | Spirochete
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| Structurally, bacterium consists of what? | 1. Cell membrane
2. Cytoplasm
3. Exteranl Structures (capsules, flagella, and pili)
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| What nucleotides are found in DNA? | Adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine (binding: AT=weaker bond and GC=stronger bond)
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| What nucleotides are found in RNA? | Adenine, uracil, guanine, and cytosine (binding: AU and GC)
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| The _________ _________ lies outside the cell membrane. | Cell wall
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| 2 Important functions of cel wall: | 1. Maintains cell shape
2. prevents cell from burstin when fluid enters in
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| The single most important component of the bacterial cell wall: | Peptidoglycan
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| Additional molecule found in walls of Gram-Positive bacteria: | Teichoic Acid
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| Teichoic Acid in the Gram-Positive bacterial cell wall probably serves as a passageway for movement of _____ into and out of cells. | Ions
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| Outermembranes are primarily found in what kind of bacteria? | Gram-negative
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| Lipopolysacchride (LPS) is also called: | Endotoxin
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| Part of the outer layer that can be used to identify Gram-Negative Bacteria: | LPS
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| Lipopolysacchride consists of: | Ploysacchrides and Lipid A
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| NADH produces how many ATP? | 3 ATP
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| FADH produces how many ATP? | 2 ATP
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| GTP produces how many ATP? | 1 ATP
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