The Respiratory System
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| The respiratory system provides a passage for ____, a gas necessary for energy production, to enter the body and for ____ ____, a waste product of the body's metabolism, to exit. | show 🗑
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| show | Respiration
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| show | Respiration
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| show | Nasal cavity Oral cavity, Pharynx
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| The maxillary, frontal, nasal, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones compromise the lateral and superior walls of the ____ ____. | show 🗑
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| show | nasal septum
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| show | sinus
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| show | sinuses
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| The sinuses are air-filled cavities that are lined with a ____ ____. | show 🗑
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| show | upper sinuses
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| A ____ ____ is a tube that connects the ear with the nasal cavity. | show 🗑
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| show | Eustachian tubes
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| The ____ ____ is a narrow tube that carries into the nasal cavity tears and debris that have drained from the eye which an cause the nose to run when someone cries. | show 🗑
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| ____ ____ are tissues lining body cavities that communicate with the air. | show 🗑
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| ____ ____ usually contain mucus secreting cells. | show 🗑
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| show | Mucus
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| show | tongue
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| show | hyoid
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| show | pharynx
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| show | Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, Laryngopharynx
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| show | gag reflex
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| The ____ is the depression between the epiglottis and the base of the tongue. | show 🗑
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| ____ ____ is passing a tube into the trachea to protect and maintain the airway and to permit medication administration and deep suctioning. | show 🗑
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| The ____ is the complex structure that joins the pharynx with the trachea. | show 🗑
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| The ____ is the liplike opening between the vocal cords. | show 🗑
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| show | Sellick maneuver
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| ____ is inhaling foreign material, such as vomitus, into the lungs. | show 🗑
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| show | cricothyroid membrane
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| show | Trachea, Bronchi, Alveoli, Lung parenchyma, Pleura
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| The ____ is a tube that connects the larynx to the mainstem bronchi. | show 🗑
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| The trachea is ____ to ____ centimeters long. | show 🗑
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| show | carina, bifurcates
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| show | bronchi
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| show | Alveoli
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| show | Atelactasis
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| The ____ lung has three lobes, the upper lobe, the middle lobe, and the lower lobe; the ____ lung, which shares thoracic space with the heart, has only two lobes, the upper lobe and the lower lobe. | show 🗑
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| show | parenchyma
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| show | pleura
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| show | visceral, parietal
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| show | visceral
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| show | parietal
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| The potential space between the visceral and parietal layers, called the ____ ____, usually holds a small amount of fluid that reduces friction between the pleural layers during respiration. | show 🗑
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| In pediatrics, the airways is smaller in all aspects, particularly the ____ of the openings and passageways. | show 🗑
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| show | smaller, larger
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| show | larynx, cricoid cartilage
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| show | 10
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| show | softer
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| Infants and children tend to rely more on their ____ for breathing. | show 🗑
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| ____ is the exchange of gases between a living organism and its environment. | show 🗑
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| show | Ventilation
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| ____ ____depends on changes in pressure within the thoracic cavity. | show 🗑
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| ____mL of inspired air - ____mL occupying the conducting pathways 'dead space' = ____mL reaching the alveoli | show 🗑
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| During each cardiac cycle the heart pumps as much blood to the ____ as it pumps to the peripheral tissues. | show 🗑
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| show | Partial pressure
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| The ____ ____ of a gas is its percentage of the mixture's total pressure. | show 🗑
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| show | 100 torr (average = 80-100)
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| Carbon dioxide (PaCO2) = ____ torr (average = ____ - ____) | show 🗑
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| ____ is alveolar partial pressure. | show 🗑
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| show | Pa
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| show | Diffusion
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| Diffusion transfers ____ between the lungs and the blood and between the blood and the peripheral tissues. | show 🗑
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| Carbon dioxide is ____ times more soluble in water than oxygen and readily crosses the pulmonary capillary membranes. | show 🗑
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| In the peripheral tissues, the gradient (direction of diffusion) for CO2 is from the tissue where its concentration is ____, to the capillary blood, where its concentration is ____. | show 🗑
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| Oxygen diffuses into the blood plasma, where most of it combines with hemoglobin and is measured as ____ ____ (____). | show 🗑
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| The oxygen that does not diffuse into the blood plasma is ____ in the blood and is measured as the ____. | show 🗑
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| Hemoglobin approaches ____% saturation when the PaO2 of dissolved oxygen reaches ____ to ____ torr. | show 🗑
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| show | oxygen concentrations
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| ____ is the reduction in breathing rate and depth. | show 🗑
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| ____ is the accumulation of air or gas in the pleural cavity. | show 🗑
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| ____ is the accumulation in the pleural cavity of blood or fluid containing blood. | show 🗑
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| show | pulmonary embolism
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| show | bicarbonate ion (HCO-3)
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| The ____ is the concentration of oxygen in inspired air. | show 🗑
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| Hyperventilation ____ CO2 levels. | show 🗑
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| Fever, muscle exertion, shivering, and metabolic processes resulting in the formation of metabolic acids can cause ____ CO2 production. | show 🗑
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| Decreased alveolar ventilation causes ____ CO2 elimination. | show 🗑
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| show | hypercarbia, increasing
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| ____ is the excessive pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood. | show 🗑
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| show | respiratory rate
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| We can ____ override our involuntary respirations until physical and chemical mechanisms signal the ____ ____'s respiratory centers to involuntary provide impulses and correct any breathing irregularities. | show 🗑
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| show | medulla oblongata
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| show | neurons
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| show | pons
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| show | expiration
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| show | Hering-Breuer reflex
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| Any ____ in PCO2 will ____ CSF pH, which will in turn stimulate the control chemoreceptors to increase respiration. | show 🗑
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| ____ PaCO2 levels will ____CSF pH, in turn decreasing chemoreceptor stimulation and slowing respiratory activity. | show 🗑
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| show | Hypoxemia
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| show | Hypoxic drive
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| ____ is the absence of breathing. | show 🗑
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| ____ (decreased partial pressure of oxygen in the blood) is a profound stimulus of respiration in a normal individual. | show 🗑
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| show | CO2, PaCO2
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| Fever, emotion, pain, hypoxia, acidosis, stimulant drugs, depressant dugs, and sleep can affect ____ ____. | show 🗑
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| ____ ____ ____ is the maximum lung capacity. | show 🗑
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| ____ ____ is the average volume of gas inhaled or exhaled in one respiratory cycle. | show 🗑
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| ____ ____ ____ is the amount of gas in the tidal volume that remains in the air passageways. | show 🗑
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| ____ ____ is the amount of gas in the tidal volume that reaches the alveoli for gas exchange. | show 🗑
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| ____ ____ is the amount o as inhaled and exhaled in 1 minute. | show 🗑
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| ____ ____ ____ is the amount of gas that reaches the alveoli for gas exchange in one minute. | show 🗑
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| show | Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
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| ____ ____ ____ (____) is the amount of air that can be maximally exhaled after a normal expiration. | show 🗑
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| ____ ____ (____) is the amount of air remaining in the lungs at the end of maximal expiration. | show 🗑
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| ____ ____ ____ (____) is the volume of gas that remains in the lungs at the end of normal expiration. | show 🗑
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| show | Forced expiratory volume (FEV)
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| show |
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| show | 500
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| Dead space volume in the average adult male is approximately ____ mL. | show 🗑
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| Alveolar volume in the average adult male is approximately ____ mL. | show 🗑
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