The Respiratory System
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show | oxygen, carbon dioxide
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show | Respiration
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show | Respiration
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Upper Airway Components: ____ ____, ____ ____, ____ | show 🗑
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show | nasal cavity
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The ____ ____ is the cartilage that separates the right and left nasal cavities. | show 🗑
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show | sinus
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The ____ help reduce the overall weight of the head and are thought to assist in heating, purifying, and moistening inhaled air. | show 🗑
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The sinuses are air-filled cavities that are lined with a ____ ____. | show 🗑
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Fractures of the ____ ____ (____) can occasionally cause cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to leak from the cranial cavity into the nasal cavity. | show 🗑
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A ____ ____ is a tube that connects the ear with the nasal cavity. | show 🗑
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show | Eustachian tubes
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show | nasolacrimal duct
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show | Mucous membranes
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____ ____ usually contain mucus secreting cells. | show 🗑
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show | Mucus
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The ____, a large muscle on the bottom of the oral cavity, is the most common airway obstruction. | show 🗑
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The ____ bone is unique, it is the only bone in the axial skeleton that does not articulate with any other bone. | show 🗑
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The ____ is a muscular tube that extends vertically from the back of the soft palate to the superior aspect of the esophagus. | show 🗑
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show | Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, Laryngopharynx
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show | gag reflex
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show | vallecula
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show | Endotracheal intubation
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The ____ is the complex structure that joins the pharynx with the trachea. | show 🗑
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show | glottis
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show | Sellick maneuver
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show | Aspiration
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The ____ ____ is a membrane between he cricoid and thyroid cartilages of the larynx. | show 🗑
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Lower Airway Components: ____, ____, ____, ____ ____, ____ | show 🗑
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The ____ is a tube that connects the larynx to the mainstem bronchi. | show 🗑
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The trachea is ____ to ____ centimeters long. | show 🗑
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show | carina, bifurcates
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show | bronchi
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____ are microscopic air sacs where most oxygen and carbon dioxide gas exchanges take place. | show 🗑
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show | Atelactasis
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show | right, left
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The ____ are the principle or essential parts of an organ. | show 🗑
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The ____ is a membranous connective tissue covering the lungs. | show 🗑
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The pleura consists of two layers, ____ and ____. | show 🗑
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show | visceral
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show | parietal
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The potential space between the visceral and parietal layers, called the ____ ____, usually holds a small amount of fluid that reduces friction between the pleural layers during respiration. | show 🗑
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show | diameters
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In pediatrics, in the pharynx, the jaw is ____ and the tongue is relatively ____. | show 🗑
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The ____ lies more superior and anterior in children and is funnel-shaped because the ____ ____ is undeveloped. | show 🗑
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Before the age of ____, the cricoid cartilage I the narrowest part f the airway. | show 🗑
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show | softer
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Infants and children tend to rely more on their ____ for breathing. | show 🗑
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show | Respiration
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____ is the mechanical process that moves air into and out of the lungs. | show 🗑
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____ ____depends on changes in pressure within the thoracic cavity. | show 🗑
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____mL of inspired air - ____mL occupying the conducting pathways 'dead space' = ____mL reaching the alveoli | show 🗑
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show | lungs
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show | Partial pressure
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show | partial pressure
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Oxygen (PaO2) = ____ torr (average = ____ - ____) | show 🗑
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show | 40 torr (average = 35-45)
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____ is alveolar partial pressure. | show 🗑
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____ is arterial partial pressure. | show 🗑
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show | Diffusion
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show | gases
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show | 21
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show | high, low
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Oxygen diffuses into the blood plasma, where most of it combines with hemoglobin and is measured as ____ ____ (____). | show 🗑
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show | dissolved, PaO2
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show | 100, 90 to 100
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show | oxygen concentrations
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____ is the reduction in breathing rate and depth. | show 🗑
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____ is the accumulation of air or gas in the pleural cavity. | show 🗑
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show | Hemothorax
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A ____ ____ is a blood clot that travels to the pulmonary circulation and hinders oxygenation of the blood. | show 🗑
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show | bicarbonate ion (HCO-3)
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The ____ is the concentration of oxygen in inspired air. | show 🗑
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show | lowers
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Fever, muscle exertion, shivering, and metabolic processes resulting in the formation of metabolic acids can cause ____ CO2 production. | show 🗑
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show | decreased
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Increased CO2 levels (____) are usually treated by ____ the rate and/or volume of ventilation and by correcting the underlying cause. | show 🗑
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____ is the excessive pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood. | show 🗑
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The ____ ____ is the number of times a person breaths in 1 minute. | show 🗑
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show | voluntarily, nervous system
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The main respiratory center lies in the ____ ____ in the brainstem. | show 🗑
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Various ____within the medulla initiate impulses that result in respiration. | show 🗑
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show | pons
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A third control center, the pneumotaxic center, also in the pons, controls ____. | show 🗑
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show | Hering-Breuer reflex
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Any ____ in PCO2 will ____ CSF pH, which will in turn stimulate the control chemoreceptors to increase respiration. | show 🗑
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____ PaCO2 levels will ____CSF pH, in turn decreasing chemoreceptor stimulation and slowing respiratory activity. | show 🗑
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show | Hypoxemia
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____ ____ is the mechanism that increases respiratory stimulation when blood oxygen falls and inhibits respiratory stimulation when blood oxygen climbs. | show 🗑
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show | Apnea
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show | Hypoxemia
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show | CO2, PaCO2
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Fever, emotion, pain, hypoxia, acidosis, stimulant drugs, depressant dugs, and sleep can affect ____ ____. | show 🗑
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show | Total lung capacity
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____ ____ is the average volume of gas inhaled or exhaled in one respiratory cycle. | show 🗑
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show | Dead space volume
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____ ____ is the amount of gas in the tidal volume that reaches the alveoli for gas exchange. | show 🗑
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____ ____ is the amount o as inhaled and exhaled in 1 minute. | show 🗑
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____ ____ ____ is the amount of gas that reaches the alveoli for gas exchange in one minute. | show 🗑
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show | Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
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____ ____ ____ (____) is the amount of air that can be maximally exhaled after a normal expiration. | show 🗑
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show | Residual volume (RV)
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show | Functional residual capacity (FRC)
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____ ____ ____ (____) is the amount of air that can be maximally expired after maximal inspiration. | show 🗑
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Total lung capacity in the average adult male is approximately ____ liters. | show 🗑
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show | 500
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show | 150
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Alveolar volume in the average adult male is approximately ____ mL. | show 🗑
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