Chapter 13
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| What is the pigment that gives blood it's red color | Hemoglobin
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| What blood cell transports oxygen | RBC- Red Blood Cell
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| What gives the RBC it's ability to transport oxygen and Iron | It's disk shape... Because it contains a small dip in the middle that's great for diffusion of the molecules into it.
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| What is the name of the disease characterized by a sickle shaped RBC | Sickle cell anemia
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| Why does the sickle shaped RBC cause anemia | It doesn't transport Iron well
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| Why is sickle cell more prevalent in African Americans | It is genetic ( it requires the trait from both parents to be passed down to have offspring be affected by it)
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| What are the 4 ribbon-like protein chains found in hemoglobin called | Globins
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| What is the molecule, that contains iron, which binds to globin | Heme
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| How does hemoglobin bind and carry oxygen | One oxygen molecule binds to each heme( there are 4 hemes in each hemoglobin)
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| What is the study of blood | Hematology
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| What is a hematocrit | Measure of RBC - and concentration of hemoglobin
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| Is blood bright red or deep maroon when it is oxygenated | Bright red
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| What molecule is crucial for the production of hemoglobin | Iron
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| About how long does the RBC live | 120 days
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| The way the negative feedback loop is triggered | Oxygen levels fall
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| When the kidneys detect low oxygen they respond by secreting what hormone | Erythropoietin ( EPO)
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| What does EPO stimulate | Bonne marrow
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| When stimulated by EPO what does the marrow do | Begins the process of making new erythrocytes
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| Name of an immature erythrocyte | Reticulocyte
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| How many days does it take for a erythrocyte to mature | One or two days
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| After the Erythrocyte is mature it causes the oxygen level in circulation to do what | Increase
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| What happens when the O2 levels rise | Kidneys stop secreting EPO and RBC production decreases
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| Erythropoiesis is what process | Producing new erythrocytes
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| Moving to higher altitude can do what to RBC count | Increase the count
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| How many days does it take for the process of erythropoiesis | 3-5 days
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| As the aged RBC passes threw the spleen what happens to it | It begins to break down
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| What are two organs involved in breakdown of old RBC | Liver and spleen
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| What is hemoglobin broken down into | Globin and heme
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| What is globin broken down into | Amino acids... That are later used for energy
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| What 2 things does heme break down into | Iron and bilirubin
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| Where are the iron molecules transported to when a RBC is broken down | To the Marrow to be used to create new hemoglobin
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| When heme is broken down... What happens to the bilirubin it contained | It is excreted into the intestines as part of bile
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| What is a buildup of bilirubin | Jaundice
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| Jaundice can result from a buildup of bilirubin and what other complication or disfunction | Liver problem
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| Polycemia is | Too many RBC circulating
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| What is a big risk with polycemia | Thick blood could lead to clots... Cells die... Possible necrosis= lots of pain
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| What is a CBC | Complete blood count... RBC WBC And platelet count
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| What is a CBC with differentiation | It if a CBC plus amount of Kinds of WBC you have... Helps Dr. diagnose disease
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| Abnormal liver function can interfere with.... | Blood clotting
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| To stop bleeding more quickly, from a wound, you can massage ... | The tissues surrounding the wound.
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| Whats the next thing that happens after a blood clot forms in a wound? | The platelets contract, pulling the edges of the damaged vessel closer together.
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| After a damaged vessel has healed what process happens next? | Fibrinolysis
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| Process in which plasmin works to dissolve the fibrin meshwork, and the blood clots break up? | Fibrinolysis
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| The inner lining of undamaged blood vessels that are very smooth | Smooth endothelium
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| Smooth endothelium is very smooth to reduce... | Friction
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| How does smooth endothelium help prevent blood clots? | Helps prevent platelets from sticking and reduces friction
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| The blood normally produces small amounts of ... | Thrombin
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| When blood is circulating normally, the rapidly moving blood stream prevents blood clots by.... | Diluting the thrombin before a clot can form
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| If thrombin has accumulated to the point that a blood clot has developed, what can cause this? | When blood flow has decreased
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| Prolonged sitting or lying can cause blood flow to... | decrease
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| Basophils and mast cells normally secrete which anticoagulant? | Heparin
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| Which anticoagulant prevents blood clots by blocking the action of thrombin? | Heparin
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| Exercise can help normal... | blood flow
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| Normal blood flow is NOT.... | Stagnant or stationary
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| The surface of each RBC carries a protein called.. | Antigen (also called agglutinogen)
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| People with type A blood have Which antigen/s on their RBC's? | A antigen
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| People with type B blood have which antigen/s on their RBC's? | B antigen
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| People with type AB blood have which antigen/s on their RBC's? | Both A and B antigens
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| People with type O blood (have/don't have) antigen/s on their RBC's. | Don't have antigens
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| Type A RBC's have which antibodies? | has B antibodies
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| Type B RBC's have which antibodies? | has A antibodies
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| Type O RBC's have which antibodies? | has A and B antibodies
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| The rarest blood type is.. | Type AB
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| Which blood type is a universal recipient? | Type AB
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| Type AB RBC's have which antibodies? | They do not have antibodies
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| Antibodies are carried by the .. | blood plasma
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| Carries antigens | the blood cell
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| During a transfusion, if a recipients plasma contains antibodies against the ABO type being used, these antibodies will attack the donor's RBC's causing a ... | transfusion reaction
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| Signs and symptoms of a transfusion reaction | difficulty breathing, flank pain, feelings of impending doom, temperature spike
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| First thing you should do when you suspect a tranfusion reaction? | Stop the pump
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| When RBC's clump together, it means that they .. | agglutinate
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| Clumping of RBC's blocks the.. | blood vessels
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| At birth, ABO antibodies are.. | not present
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| Most common blood type | Type O
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| During a transfusion: when a person with Rh-negative blood recieves Rh-positive blooed, their body see's the Rh antigen as.. | something foreign
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| IF a person with Rh-negative blood type is given Rh-positive blood the body develps.. | antibodies against the Rh antigen (anit-Rh antibodies)
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| After a person with type Rh-negative has developed anti-Rh antibodies, as a result of being given Rh-positive blood, what can happen if they encounter the Rh antigen again? | The persons anti-Rh antibodies will attack the Rh antigen being given causing agglutination
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| An Rh-negative mother, during her first pregnany with an Rh-positive fetus, will have a _________ pregnancy. | normal
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| During a 1st pregnancy, an Rh-negative persons body will develop anti-Rh antibodies (during delivery) if the fetus has what Rh factor? | Rh positive
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| A mother who is Rh-negative and on her subsequent pregnancy should recieve what type of injection | RhoGAM
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| If an Rh-negative mother does not recieve the RhoGAM injection, and this is not her first pregnancy what can happen? | Mothers anti-Rh antibodies could attack the fetal RBC's causing agglutination and hemolysis.
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| Immune globulin is also refered to as.. | RhoGAM
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| Prevents the formation of anti-Rh antibodies by the mother, thus preventing an attack on the fetus's RBC's | RhoGAM
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| What are the factors of A- blood | A
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| What are the factors of A+ blood | A and Rh
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| What are the factors of B- | B
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| What are the factors of B+ | B and Rh
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| What are the factors of AB- | A and B
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| What are the factors of AB+ | A, B, and Rh
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| What are the factors of O- | There are no factors
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| What are the factors of O+ | Rh
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| Can a person who is A+ give blood to a person who is AB+ | yes
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| Can a person who is A- give blood to a person who is A+ | yes
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| Can a person who is B- take blood from a person who is AB- | yes
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| Can a person who is AB- take blood from a person who is A- | yes
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| Can a person who is O+ take blood from a person who is A+ | no
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| Can a person who is A- give to a person who is AB+ | yes
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| Can a person who is AB- give blood to a person who is O- | no
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| Can a person who is AB+ give blood to a person who is AB- | no
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| What percentage of your blood is plasma? | 55%
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| What is the key protein in plasma? | Albumin
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| Helps equalize fluid volume in blood | Albumin
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| The 3 formed elements in blood | Erthrocytes, Leukocytes, Platelets
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| Clots blood | platelets
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| What are Leukocytes and what do they do? | white blood cells and fight infection
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| What are Erthrocytes and what do they do? | red blood cells and carry oxygen
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| What is Hematocrit? | percentage of RBC in a sample
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| Viscosity | determined by the combination of plasma and blood cells. It refers to how thick or sticky a fluid is' in this case the fthickness or stickiness of blood
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| The main component of plasma is | water
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| WBC and platelets form a narrow buff colored band just beneath the plasma called | buffy coat
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| Plasma without the clotting proteins is called | serum
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| What is the heaviest formed element | Red Blood Cells
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| Formation of blood cells is called | Hemopoiesis
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| Red Bone Marrow produces all types of blood cells, where is red bone marrow found? | found in long bones, flat irregular bones such as the sternum, cranial bones, vertebrae, and pelvis
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| Lymphatic tissues produce | lymphocytes (wbc)
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| Where are lymphocytes produced? | lymphatic tissue, thymus gland, and the spleen
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| RBC's cannot reproduce because they do not contain | nucleolus or DNA
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| All blood cells can trace their beginnings to a specific type of bone marrow cell called a? | stem cell
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| The body has two types of hemopoietic tissue | red bone marrow and lymphatic tissue
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| They deliver oxygen and remove carbon dioxide | RBC
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| Blood contains more RBC than any other formed element. True / False | TRUE
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| A normal rbc is shaped like a with a sunken center TRUE/FALSE | True
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| RBC are flexible and rubber band like TRUE/FALSE | True
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| When damaged RBC's are removed from circulation the oxygen level | falls
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| Declining levels of oxygen makes the kidneys respond by secreting a hormone called ? | Erthropoietin (EPO)
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| EPO stimulates the red bone marrow to do what? | creating new erythrocytes or RBC's
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| When the number of RBC's increase, oxygen levels will | rise
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| When less EPO is produced the production of what declines? | RBC's
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| How many days does it take for a RBC to mature? | 1 to 2 days
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| What is an immature form of a erythrocyte called when it is release into circulation? | reticulocyte
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| 3 classes of blood vessels: ___, ___ and ___ | arteries, capillaries, veins
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| ___ carry blood away from the heart and become progressively smaller as they branch and finally result in ___. | Arteries, capillaries
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| ___ return blood to the heart and become progressively ___ as they merge and are closer towards it. | Veins, larger
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| How many pathways do end arteries convey? | one
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| Functional end arteries’ anastomosis is so tiny that they can be considered ___ ___. | end arteries
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| ___ vessels supply the same body region and lie next to each other. | companion
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| Both artery and vein walls have 3 layers called ___. | tunics
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| The right AV valve is also called the | tricuspid
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| The left AV valve is called the | mitral
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| The atrioventricular valves flow between the | atria and the ventricles
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| The semilunar valves regulate flow between the | ventricles and the great artery
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| The tricuspid valve prevents back flow from | the right ventricle to the right atrium
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| The mitral valve prevents back flow from the | left ventricle to the left atrium
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| The two semilunar valves are | pulmonary and aortic valves
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| The pulmonary valve prevents backflow from the | pulmonary artery to the right ventricle
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| The aortic valve prevents backflow from the the | aorta to the left ventricle
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| The semi-rigid, fibrous, connective tissue is called the | skeleton of the heart
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| The skeleton of the heart encircles each valve, it also keeps the vales from | stretching
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| The 4 heart sounds | aortic area, pulmonary area, tricuspid area, mitral area
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| Aortic area heart sound is located | second intercostal space, right sternal border
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| Pulmonary area heart sound is located | second intercostal space, left sternal border
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| Tricuspid area heart sound is located | fourth or fifth intercostal space, left sternal border
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| Mitral area heart sound is located | fifth intercostal space, left midclavicular line
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| The innermost layer of arteries and veins is called | tunica intima
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| The middle layer of the arteries and veins is called the | tunica media
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| The outer layer of artereis and veins is called the | tunica externa
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| The thickest layer of the vessel is called the | tunica media
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| The layer of the vessel that consists of simple squamous epithelium is | tunica intima
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| The layer of the vessel that is made up of fibrous connective tissue | tunica externa
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| Becomes smaller as they lead away from the heart | veins
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| The 3 categories of arteries | conducting arteries, distributing arteries and arterioles
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| which artery is muscular | distributing
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| which artery is elastic | conducting
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| which artery is resistance vessels | arterioles
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| Which vessel returns blood to the heart | veins
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| Which vessel carry blood away from the heart | arteries
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| Which vessel connects the smallest arteries to the smallest veins | capillaries
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| 3 categories of veins | venules, medium sized veins and large veins
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| Which is the smallest of the veins | Venules
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| Which veins have one way valves | Medium sized veins
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| Which veins are porous | Venules
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| How much blood is circulating in the body | 5 liters
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| What are 3 types of granulocytes ( wbc) | Neutrophils,eosinophils,basophils
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| The two Agranulocytes | Lymphocytes and monocytes
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| What wbc is the first one to get to a site of a cut | Neutrophils
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| Biggest WBC | Monocyte
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| WBC involved in allergic reaction | Eosinophils
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| Never let my engine blow | Neutrophils-60, lymphocytes-30, monocytes-8, eosinophils- 3, basophils-0-1
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| Hemostasis | Formation of a blood clot... When we get cut
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| First step in hemostasis | Vascular spasm- vessel constricts
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| Second step of hemostasis | Platelets rush to area and are caught by the rough area
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| Third step in hemostasis | Formation of platelet plug
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| Last step in hemostasis | Tissue repair
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| Thrombus | Stationary blood clot
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| Mobile blood clot | Embolus
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| Initiated by areas outside the blood | Extrinsic pathways
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| Initiated by factors within the blood itself | Intrinsic pathways
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| Naturally occurring factors that discourage clotting of blood | Smooth endothelium, blood flow, anticoagulants
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| Process of moms immune system attacking her fetus | Eyrthroblastosis fetalis
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| What do you need to give albumin | Signed consent
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| What blood product can be gravity fed | Albumin
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| Are you as the LPN allowed to hang the second bottle of albumin | Yes
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| 55 percent of blood is what | Plasma
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| 45 percent of blood is | Formed elements
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| What is the clear extracellular matrix of blood | Plasma
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| Insoluble protein fibers of blood clot | Fibrin
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| Any of blood ejected from heart in one pump | Stroke volume
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| Percent of blood that leaves the ventricle | Ejection fraction- 60-80 should leave
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| Proprioceptors are found in | Muscles and joints
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| Baroreceptors help do what | Regulate BP
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| Chemoreceptors help maintain | Blood PH
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| What three factors affect SV | Preload ...contractility and afterload
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| Why do veins have the ability to constrict extensively | To prevent back flow and to help regulate blood flow
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| What are the capacitance vessels | Veins
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| What kind of arteries can handle high amounts of pressure | Conducting arteries
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| What kind of arteries go to specific organs or sites | Distributing arteries
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| What arteries connect to the capillaries and are also called resistance vessels | Arterioles
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| What veins collect blood from capillaries | Venules
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| What kind of veins are the radial and ulnar veins... With thicker elastic walls | Medium sized
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| What kind of vein has a thick tunica externa | Large veins
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| Examples of large veins | Vena cava, pulmonary, and internal jugular
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| A weak spot in a vessel that bulges | Annurism
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| Exchange vessels | Cappillaries
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| Also called a microcirculation | Capillary beds
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| How do capillaries usually make the exchange | Diffusion
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| What is used to decrease edema | Albumin
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| What is the path of pulmonary circulation | Unoxygenated blood leaves the right ventricle via the pulmonary arteries... Goes to lungs... Comes back with oxygen and nutrients via the pulmonary veins into the left atrium
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| Are lungs nourished by pulmonary circulation | No.. They are nourished by systemic circulation
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| All systemic arteries arise from | The Aorta
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| Largest artery | Aorta
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| Do we palpate radial and pedal pulses bilaterally at the same time | Yes
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| What are we looking for with head injury | ICP... Inter cranial pressure
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| Collection of vessels at the base of the skull | Circle of Willis
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| Where do you find hepatic portals | Liver and kidneys
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| What is the purpose of hepatic portals | Prevent heart infections
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| Three factors that affect BP | Cardiac output, resistance, and blood volume
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| Amount of friction depends upon | Blood viscosity and vessel diameter
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| Vasoconstriction | Increases pressure and decreased flow
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| Vasodilation | Decreases pressure and increases flow
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| Blood velocity is fastest in | The Aorta
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| Blood velosity is slowest in | Capillaries
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| The two ways veins fight gravity... The two key mechanisms | Skeletal muscle pump and respiratory pump
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