NRTC
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| 3 Basic Parts of the nervous system | Brain, Spinal Cord and Nerve Cells
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| 3 jobs of the nervous system | sensation, integration and response
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| Divisions of the nervous system | Central nervous system (CNS) and Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
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| The CNS consists of | the brain and spinal cord
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| The PNS consists of | nerve network
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| Neurolglia | protects the neurons
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| What is cerebrospinal fluid made of | Glucose and protein
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| What is the blood-brain barrier made of | neuroglia
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| Formed as neuroglia wrap around the capillaries | blood-brain barrier
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| What protects the brain from foreign substances | blood-brain barrier
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| The 3 classes of neurons | Sensory Neurons, Interneurons, and Motor neurons
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| What is the function of the sensory neurons | detect stimuli
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| What is the function of the interneurons | connect pathways
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| What is the function of the motor neurons | relay messages
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| Neurons | handle communication
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| What can cross the blood-brain barrier | alcohol and nicotine
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| The 3 basic parts of a neuron | cell body or soma,
axon and dendrite
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| What is the control center of a neuron | soma/cell body
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| The part of the neuron that looks like branches of a tree, it receives signals from other neurons | dendrites
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| The part of the neuron that carries nerve signals way from the soma | axon
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| What is the name of the cells that form the myelin sheath in many neurons | Schwann cells
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| Gaps in the myelin sheath that occur at evenly spaced intervals | nodes of Ranvier
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| The end of the axon branches extensively with each axon terminal ending in a | synaptic knob
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| action potential | nerve impulse
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| axon | fiber extending from a neuron's cell body that conducts impulses
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| brainstem | stem like portion of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres to the spinal cord; consists of the midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata
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| Cerebellum | portion of the brain responsible for coordination of voluntary moment and balance
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| cerebral cortex | the surface of the cerebrum consisting of a thin layer of gray matter
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| cerebrospinal fluid | clean colorless fluid that fills the brain's ventricles and central canal and also bathes the outside of the brain and spinal cord
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| cerebrum | largest portion of the brain
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| dermatone | a specific are of the skin innervated by a spinal nerve
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| epidural space | small space between the outer covering of the spinal cord and the vertebrae
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| frontal lobe | portion of the cerebrum responsible for decision making, reasoning, memory and voluntary movements
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| 3 layers of the meninges | pia mater, arachnoid matter, and dura mater
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| how many spinal nerves are there | 31
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| plexis of the spinal cord | cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral
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| structures of the spinal cord | tracts, central canal and the epidural space
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| the main spinal nerve is the | phrenic
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| myelin | fatty sheath encasing the axons of many neuron formed by Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system and oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system
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| nerve | a bundle of neurons that transmit impulses between the brain and the spinal cord and the rest of the body
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| neuroglia | cells in the nervous system that support neurons but do not conduct impulses
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| neurons | nervous system cells that conduct impulses
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| occipital lobe | portion of the cerebrum responsible for analyzing and interpreting visual information
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| medulla oblongata | attaches brain to the spinal cord; contains centers that govern heart rate, blood pressure and breathing
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| mixed nerve | nerve that contains both sensory and motor fibers
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| Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System | Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
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| The parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for | rest & digest
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| The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for | fight or flight
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| Nicotinic Receptors produce | an excited response
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| Regular activities that maintain homeostasis | Autonomic Nervous System
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| The Autonomic Nervous System is also called | visceral motor system
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| What are the 3 parts of the brain stem? | Midbrain, pons, medulla oblonganta
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| What does the midbrain control? | sensory and motor impulses. auditory and visual reflexes
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| What does the pons control? | Conveys signals to and from different parts of the brain
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| What does the medulla oblonganta control? | cardiac center, casomotor center, respiratory center.
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| Which part of the brain holds the most neurons? | the cerebellum
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| cerebellum is mostly in charge of? | balance, cordination, and posture. (motor functions)
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| Which 2 structures are included in the Diencephalon? | the thalamus and the hypothalamus
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| What does the thalamus control? | sensory impulses, as well as being involved in memory and emotion.
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| What does the hypothalamus control? | the pituitary gland, or the "master gland"
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| What are the 4 lobes of the cerebrum? | Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital.
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| What kind of matter is in the cerebrum? | White and gray matter.
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| Which matter is myelinated? | White matter
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| Which matter is unmyelinated? | Grey matter
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| What does the corpus callosum do? | Connects the two hemispheres of the cerebrum
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| What is the Limbic system's function? | emotion and learning
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| What are the two structures included in the limbic system? | hippocampus, and amygdala
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| hippocampus does what? | converts long term memory into short term memory
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| amygdala does what? | stores and recals information
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| What are the two major functions of the cerebral cortex? | Motor functions, and sensory functions.
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| What is receptive aphasia? | Difficulty making out words another person is saying.
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| What is expressive aphasia? | Difficulty speaking words aloud.
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| What is aphagia? | Difficulty eating or swallowing.
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| What are the four special senses of the cerebral corex? | gustatory(taste), visual, auditory, olfactory(smell)
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| The information passageway that relays messages from the brain to the rest of the body | Spinal cord
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| The spinal cord has how many pairs of spinal nerves? | 31
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| The spinal cord is which part of the nervous system? | Central nervous system
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| How does the spine get up to the brain? | Foramen Magnum
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| Nerves from the cervical region of the spinal cord innervate which parts of the body? | Chest, head, neck, shoulders, arms, hands, and diaphragm
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| Nerves from the thoracic region extend where? | To the intercostal muscles in the ribcage
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| Nerves from the thoracic region are innervated by which muscles? | The abdominal muscles, and the back muscles
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| Which spinal region innervates the abdominal wall and parts of the thighs and legs? | Lumbar region
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| Sacral nerve region extends to the... | Thighs, buttocks, skin of the legs and feet, and anal and genital regions.
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| Bundles of spinal nerves all also refered to as a ________. | Plexus
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| Plexus is another term for ________. | bundle (nerve bundle)
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| One of the largest nerves in the body that runs down the back of the thigh? | Sciatic nerve ( a sacral nerve )
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| Where would an injection be given in the lumbar region and why? | between L3 and L4. Going to this lower region helps prevent damage to the spinal cord.
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| The bundle of nerves at the end of the spinal cord that looks like a hores tale is called... | Cauda equina
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| Dermatomes can help the physician in detecting what type of injury? | Spinal Injury
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| Which spinal nerve innervates the diaphragm? | Phrenic nerve
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| What sits inside a protective,bony tunnel created by the stacked vertebrae? | Spinal cord
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| Bundles of axons are called.... | Nerve tracts
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| What is the function of tracts? | Carries impulses from one part of the nervous system to another
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| Circulates through the brain and nourishes the spinal cord | Cerebrospinal fluid
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| The holes where the spinal cord sits | vertebral foramen
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| A minute opening that carries cerebrospinal fluid through the spinal cord | Central canal
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| Contains a cushioning layer of fat as well as blood vessels and connective tissue | Epidural space
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| The space between the outer covering of the spinal cord and the vertebrae | Epidural space
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| Function of spinal nerves | Relay information from spinal cord to the rest of the body
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| Spinal nerves are which part of the nervous system? | Peripheral nervous system
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| Consists of many nerve fibers (axons) encased by connective tissue | Nerve
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| How many nerve fibers (axons) are contained in a single nerve? | varies from a few to as many as a million
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| A neuron is a .... | Nerve cell
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| What contains many neurons? | A nerve
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| Nerve fibers are gathered together in bundles called..... | Fascicles
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| Several fascicles that are grouped together, along with blood vessels are ... | Fasicles of nerve fibers
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| Fascicles of nerve fibers are wrapped in what type of tisse? | Dense connective tissue
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| Nerves containing only sensory (afferent) fibers are? | Sensory nerves
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| Nerves containing ony motor (efferent) fibers are? | Motor nerves
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| Nerves that can transmit signals in two directions? | Mixed nerves
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| Nerves that carry sensation toward the spinal cord? | Sensory nerves
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| Nerves that carry messages to muscles and glands? | Motor nerves
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| Most nerve fiber bundles (fascicles) are ________. | Mixed
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| The largest portion of the brain? | Cerebrum
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| The surface of the cerebrum is marked by thick ridges called? | Gyri (singular:gyrus)
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| Shallow grooves that divide the gyri? | Sulci (singular:sulcus)
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| Deep sulci are called? | Fissures
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| Name the four major regions of the brain. | Cerebrum, the diencephalon, the cerebellum, and the brainstem
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| The right side of the brain controls the left side of the body and the left side of the brain controls the right side of the body. This is called___________. | Contralateral
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| What sits between the cerebrum and the midbrain? | Diencephalon
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| Function of the diencephalon? | Temperature control in the body
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| The second largest region of the brain | Cerebellum
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| Part of the brain contains more neurons than the rest of the brain combined | Cerebellum
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| This portion of the brain helps control voluntary muscle movement | Cerebellum
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| The part of the brain that controls blood pressure, respiratory, and heart rate | Brain stem
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| Your ability think, remember, feel use judgement, and move can be credited to what part of the brain | Cerebrum
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| Inside the skull, three layers of what, covers and protects the brain | Meninges: dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater
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| The tough outside layer (meninge) that covers and protects the brain | Dura mater
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| The middle layer (meninge) that covers and protects the brain | Arachnoid mater
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| Bottom layer (meninge) that clings tightly to the surface of the brain | Pia mater
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| Separates the dura from the arachnoid mater | Subdural space
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| In some locations in the brain, the dura mater separates to create spaces called... | Dural sinuses
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| Sinuses that collect blood that has passed through the brain and is on its way back to the heart | Dural sinuses
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| The four chambers of the brain | Ventricles
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| Network of blood vessels lining the ventricle walls | Choroid plexus
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| Cerebrospinal fluid is made where? | Choroid plexus
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| A build up of Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the ventricles, causing pressure on the tissue | Hydrocephalus
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