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A & P 10, 11
NRTC
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| 3 Basic Parts of the nervous system | Brain, Spinal Cord and Nerve Cells |
| 3 jobs of the nervous system | sensation, integration and response |
| Divisions of the nervous system | Central nervous system (CNS) and Peripheral nervous system (PNS) |
| The CNS consists of | the brain and spinal cord |
| The PNS consists of | nerve network |
| Neurolglia | protects the neurons |
| What is cerebrospinal fluid made of | Glucose and protein |
| What is the blood-brain barrier made of | neuroglia |
| Formed as neuroglia wrap around the capillaries | blood-brain barrier |
| What protects the brain from foreign substances | blood-brain barrier |
| The 3 classes of neurons | Sensory Neurons, Interneurons, and Motor neurons |
| What is the function of the sensory neurons | detect stimuli |
| What is the function of the interneurons | connect pathways |
| What is the function of the motor neurons | relay messages |
| Neurons | handle communication |
| What can cross the blood-brain barrier | alcohol and nicotine |
| The 3 basic parts of a neuron | cell body or soma, axon and dendrite |
| What is the control center of a neuron | soma/cell body |
| The part of the neuron that looks like branches of a tree, it receives signals from other neurons | dendrites |
| The part of the neuron that carries nerve signals way from the soma | axon |
| What is the name of the cells that form the myelin sheath in many neurons | Schwann cells |
| Gaps in the myelin sheath that occur at evenly spaced intervals | nodes of Ranvier |
| The end of the axon branches extensively with each axon terminal ending in a | synaptic knob |
| action potential | nerve impulse |
| axon | fiber extending from a neuron's cell body that conducts impulses |
| brainstem | stem like portion of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres to the spinal cord; consists of the midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata |
| Cerebellum | portion of the brain responsible for coordination of voluntary moment and balance |
| cerebral cortex | the surface of the cerebrum consisting of a thin layer of gray matter |
| cerebrospinal fluid | clean colorless fluid that fills the brain's ventricles and central canal and also bathes the outside of the brain and spinal cord |
| cerebrum | largest portion of the brain |
| dermatone | a specific are of the skin innervated by a spinal nerve |
| epidural space | small space between the outer covering of the spinal cord and the vertebrae |
| frontal lobe | portion of the cerebrum responsible for decision making, reasoning, memory and voluntary movements |
| 3 layers of the meninges | pia mater, arachnoid matter, and dura mater |
| how many spinal nerves are there | 31 |
| plexis of the spinal cord | cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral |
| structures of the spinal cord | tracts, central canal and the epidural space |
| the main spinal nerve is the | phrenic |
| myelin | fatty sheath encasing the axons of many neuron formed by Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system and oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system |
| nerve | a bundle of neurons that transmit impulses between the brain and the spinal cord and the rest of the body |
| neuroglia | cells in the nervous system that support neurons but do not conduct impulses |
| neurons | nervous system cells that conduct impulses |
| occipital lobe | portion of the cerebrum responsible for analyzing and interpreting visual information |
| medulla oblongata | attaches brain to the spinal cord; contains centers that govern heart rate, blood pressure and breathing |
| mixed nerve | nerve that contains both sensory and motor fibers |
| Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System | Sympathetic and Parasympathetic |
| The parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for | rest & digest |
| The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for | fight or flight |
| Nicotinic Receptors produce | an excited response |
| Regular activities that maintain homeostasis | Autonomic Nervous System |
| The Autonomic Nervous System is also called | visceral motor system |
| What are the 3 parts of the brain stem? | Midbrain, pons, medulla oblonganta |
| What does the midbrain control? | sensory and motor impulses. auditory and visual reflexes |
| What does the pons control? | Conveys signals to and from different parts of the brain |
| What does the medulla oblonganta control? | cardiac center, casomotor center, respiratory center. |
| Which part of the brain holds the most neurons? | the cerebellum |
| cerebellum is mostly in charge of? | balance, cordination, and posture. (motor functions) |
| Which 2 structures are included in the Diencephalon? | the thalamus and the hypothalamus |
| What does the thalamus control? | sensory impulses, as well as being involved in memory and emotion. |
| What does the hypothalamus control? | the pituitary gland, or the "master gland" |
| What are the 4 lobes of the cerebrum? | Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital. |
| What kind of matter is in the cerebrum? | White and gray matter. |
| Which matter is myelinated? | White matter |
| Which matter is unmyelinated? | Grey matter |
| What does the corpus callosum do? | Connects the two hemispheres of the cerebrum |
| What is the Limbic system's function? | emotion and learning |
| What are the two structures included in the limbic system? | hippocampus, and amygdala |
| hippocampus does what? | converts long term memory into short term memory |
| amygdala does what? | stores and recals information |
| What are the two major functions of the cerebral cortex? | Motor functions, and sensory functions. |
| What is receptive aphasia? | Difficulty making out words another person is saying. |
| What is expressive aphasia? | Difficulty speaking words aloud. |
| What is aphagia? | Difficulty eating or swallowing. |
| What are the four special senses of the cerebral corex? | gustatory(taste), visual, auditory, olfactory(smell) |
| The information passageway that relays messages from the brain to the rest of the body | Spinal cord |
| The spinal cord has how many pairs of spinal nerves? | 31 |
| The spinal cord is which part of the nervous system? | Central nervous system |
| How does the spine get up to the brain? | Foramen Magnum |
| Nerves from the cervical region of the spinal cord innervate which parts of the body? | Chest, head, neck, shoulders, arms, hands, and diaphragm |
| Nerves from the thoracic region extend where? | To the intercostal muscles in the ribcage |
| Nerves from the thoracic region are innervated by which muscles? | The abdominal muscles, and the back muscles |
| Which spinal region innervates the abdominal wall and parts of the thighs and legs? | Lumbar region |
| Sacral nerve region extends to the... | Thighs, buttocks, skin of the legs and feet, and anal and genital regions. |
| Bundles of spinal nerves all also refered to as a ________. | Plexus |
| Plexus is another term for ________. | bundle (nerve bundle) |
| One of the largest nerves in the body that runs down the back of the thigh? | Sciatic nerve ( a sacral nerve ) |
| Where would an injection be given in the lumbar region and why? | between L3 and L4. Going to this lower region helps prevent damage to the spinal cord. |
| The bundle of nerves at the end of the spinal cord that looks like a hores tale is called... | Cauda equina |
| Dermatomes can help the physician in detecting what type of injury? | Spinal Injury |
| Which spinal nerve innervates the diaphragm? | Phrenic nerve |
| What sits inside a protective,bony tunnel created by the stacked vertebrae? | Spinal cord |
| Bundles of axons are called.... | Nerve tracts |
| What is the function of tracts? | Carries impulses from one part of the nervous system to another |
| Circulates through the brain and nourishes the spinal cord | Cerebrospinal fluid |
| The holes where the spinal cord sits | vertebral foramen |
| A minute opening that carries cerebrospinal fluid through the spinal cord | Central canal |
| Contains a cushioning layer of fat as well as blood vessels and connective tissue | Epidural space |
| The space between the outer covering of the spinal cord and the vertebrae | Epidural space |
| Function of spinal nerves | Relay information from spinal cord to the rest of the body |
| Spinal nerves are which part of the nervous system? | Peripheral nervous system |
| Consists of many nerve fibers (axons) encased by connective tissue | Nerve |
| How many nerve fibers (axons) are contained in a single nerve? | varies from a few to as many as a million |
| A neuron is a .... | Nerve cell |
| What contains many neurons? | A nerve |
| Nerve fibers are gathered together in bundles called..... | Fascicles |
| Several fascicles that are grouped together, along with blood vessels are ... | Fasicles of nerve fibers |
| Fascicles of nerve fibers are wrapped in what type of tisse? | Dense connective tissue |
| Nerves containing only sensory (afferent) fibers are? | Sensory nerves |
| Nerves containing ony motor (efferent) fibers are? | Motor nerves |
| Nerves that can transmit signals in two directions? | Mixed nerves |
| Nerves that carry sensation toward the spinal cord? | Sensory nerves |
| Nerves that carry messages to muscles and glands? | Motor nerves |
| Most nerve fiber bundles (fascicles) are ________. | Mixed |
| The largest portion of the brain? | Cerebrum |
| The surface of the cerebrum is marked by thick ridges called? | Gyri (singular:gyrus) |
| Shallow grooves that divide the gyri? | Sulci (singular:sulcus) |
| Deep sulci are called? | Fissures |
| Name the four major regions of the brain. | Cerebrum, the diencephalon, the cerebellum, and the brainstem |
| The right side of the brain controls the left side of the body and the left side of the brain controls the right side of the body. This is called___________. | Contralateral |
| What sits between the cerebrum and the midbrain? | Diencephalon |
| Function of the diencephalon? | Temperature control in the body |
| The second largest region of the brain | Cerebellum |
| Part of the brain contains more neurons than the rest of the brain combined | Cerebellum |
| This portion of the brain helps control voluntary muscle movement | Cerebellum |
| The part of the brain that controls blood pressure, respiratory, and heart rate | Brain stem |
| Your ability think, remember, feel use judgement, and move can be credited to what part of the brain | Cerebrum |
| Inside the skull, three layers of what, covers and protects the brain | Meninges: dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater |
| The tough outside layer (meninge) that covers and protects the brain | Dura mater |
| The middle layer (meninge) that covers and protects the brain | Arachnoid mater |
| Bottom layer (meninge) that clings tightly to the surface of the brain | Pia mater |
| Separates the dura from the arachnoid mater | Subdural space |
| In some locations in the brain, the dura mater separates to create spaces called... | Dural sinuses |
| Sinuses that collect blood that has passed through the brain and is on its way back to the heart | Dural sinuses |
| The four chambers of the brain | Ventricles |
| Network of blood vessels lining the ventricle walls | Choroid plexus |
| Cerebrospinal fluid is made where? | Choroid plexus |
| A build up of Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the ventricles, causing pressure on the tissue | Hydrocephalus |
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