Glossary of Key Words for B3- Living and Growing
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| Acrosome | Part of the sperm that contains enzymes.
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| Active site | The place on an enzyme where the substrate molecule binds.
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| Active transport | In active transport, cells use energy to transport substances through cell membranes against a concentration gradient.
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| Aerobic respiration | Respiration that involves oxygen.
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| Amino acids | Small molecules from which proteins are built.
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| Anaerobic respiration | Respiration without using oxygen.
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| Asexual reproduction | Reproduction involving only one parent.
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| ATP | Molecule used to store energy in the body.
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| Bacteria | Single-celled micro-organisms which can either be free-living organisms or parasites (they sometimes invade the body and cause disease).
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| Biological catalysts | Molecules in the body that speed up chemical reactions.
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| Cancer | Life-threatening condition where body cells divide uncontrollably.
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| Capillaries | Small blood vessels that join arteries to veins.
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| Cell differentiation | When cells become specialised.
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| Chromosomes | Thread-like structures in the cell nucleus that carry genetic information.
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| Clone | Genetically identical copy.
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| Collagen | Protein used for support in animal cells.
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| Denatured | An enzyme is denatured if its shape changes so that the substrate cannot fit into the active site.
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| Diploid | Cells that have two copies of each chromosome.
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| DNA | Molecule found in all body cells in the nucleus- its sequence determines how our bodies are made (e.g. do we have straight or curly hair), and gives each one of us a unique genetic code.
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| DNA bases | Four chemicals that are found in DNA, they make up the base sequence and are given the letters A,T,G and C.
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| Double circulatory system | Where the blood is pumped to the lungs then returned to the heart before being pumped around the body.
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| Enzymes | Biological catalysts that increase the speed of a chemical reaction.
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| Fertilisation | When a sperm fuses (joins with) an egg.
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| Flaccid | Floppy.
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| Gametes | The male and female sex cells (sperm and egg).
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| Gene | Section of DNA that codes for a particular characteristic.
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| Gene pool | The different genes available within a species.
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| Gene therapy | Medical procedure where a virus is used to “carry” a gene into the nucleus of a cell (this is a new treatment for a genetic disease).
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| Genetic engineering | Transfer of genes from one organism to another.
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| Heamoglobin | Chemical found in red blood cells which carries oxygen.
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| Haploid | Cells that have only one copy of each chromosome.
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| Inbreeding | Breeding closely related animals.
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| Insulin | Hormone made by the pancreas which controls the level of glucose in the blood.
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| Meiosis | Cell division that results in haploid cells.
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| Meristem | Tips of roots and shoots where cell division and elongation takes place.
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| MessengerRNA | Copy of a section on DNA used to carry the gene code to the ribosomes.
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| Metabolic rate | Amount of energy a body needs.
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| Microbes | Tiny microscopic organisms.
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| Mitochondria | Structures in a cell where respiration takes place.
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| Mitosis | Cell division that results in genetically identical diploid cells.
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| Multicellular organism | Organisms made up of many specialised cells.
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| Mutation | Where the DNA within cells have been altered (this happens in cancer).
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| Oxygen debt | The debt for oxygen that builds up in the body when demand for oxygen is greater than supply.
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| Palisade cells | Tightly packed together cells found on the upper side of a leaf.
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| Pharmaceuticals | Medical drugs.
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| Plasma | Yellow liquid found in blood.
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| Platelets | Cell fragments which help in blood clotting.
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| Population | Group of organisms of the same species.
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| Red blood cells | Blood cells which are adapted to carry oxygen.
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| Respiration | Process occurring in living things where oxygen is used to release the energy in foods.
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| Respiratory quotient (RQ) | Equation used to determine the substrate used in respiration.
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| Ribosome | Structures in a cell where protein synthesis takes place.
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| Selective breeding | Process of breeding organisms with the desired characteristics.
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| Stem cells | Unspecialised body cells (found in bond marrow) that can develop into other, specialised, cells that the body needs, e.g. blood cells.
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| Sterilise | Killing all the organisms in an area, usually to mean killing micro-organisms.
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| Temperature coefficient (Q10) | Equation used to calculate the effect of temperature on the rate of an enzyme-controlled reaction.
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| Therapy | Treatment of a medical problem.
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| Tissue culture | Process that uses small sections of tissue to clone plants.
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| Tumour | Abnormal mass of tissue that is often cancerous.
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| Unicellular organism | Organisms made of only one cell.
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| Veins | Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart.
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| White blood cells | Blood cells which defend against disease.
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Created by:
Brimsham
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