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B3 Glossary AW
Glossary of Key Words for B3- Living and Growing
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Acrosome | Part of the sperm that contains enzymes. |
| Active site | The place on an enzyme where the substrate molecule binds. |
| Active transport | In active transport, cells use energy to transport substances through cell membranes against a concentration gradient. |
| Aerobic respiration | Respiration that involves oxygen. |
| Amino acids | Small molecules from which proteins are built. |
| Anaerobic respiration | Respiration without using oxygen. |
| Asexual reproduction | Reproduction involving only one parent. |
| ATP | Molecule used to store energy in the body. |
| Bacteria | Single-celled micro-organisms which can either be free-living organisms or parasites (they sometimes invade the body and cause disease). |
| Biological catalysts | Molecules in the body that speed up chemical reactions. |
| Cancer | Life-threatening condition where body cells divide uncontrollably. |
| Capillaries | Small blood vessels that join arteries to veins. |
| Cell differentiation | When cells become specialised. |
| Chromosomes | Thread-like structures in the cell nucleus that carry genetic information. |
| Clone | Genetically identical copy. |
| Collagen | Protein used for support in animal cells. |
| Denatured | An enzyme is denatured if its shape changes so that the substrate cannot fit into the active site. |
| Diploid | Cells that have two copies of each chromosome. |
| DNA | Molecule found in all body cells in the nucleus- its sequence determines how our bodies are made (e.g. do we have straight or curly hair), and gives each one of us a unique genetic code. |
| DNA bases | Four chemicals that are found in DNA, they make up the base sequence and are given the letters A,T,G and C. |
| Double circulatory system | Where the blood is pumped to the lungs then returned to the heart before being pumped around the body. |
| Enzymes | Biological catalysts that increase the speed of a chemical reaction. |
| Fertilisation | When a sperm fuses (joins with) an egg. |
| Flaccid | Floppy. |
| Gametes | The male and female sex cells (sperm and egg). |
| Gene | Section of DNA that codes for a particular characteristic. |
| Gene pool | The different genes available within a species. |
| Gene therapy | Medical procedure where a virus is used to “carry” a gene into the nucleus of a cell (this is a new treatment for a genetic disease). |
| Genetic engineering | Transfer of genes from one organism to another. |
| Heamoglobin | Chemical found in red blood cells which carries oxygen. |
| Haploid | Cells that have only one copy of each chromosome. |
| Inbreeding | Breeding closely related animals. |
| Insulin | Hormone made by the pancreas which controls the level of glucose in the blood. |
| Meiosis | Cell division that results in haploid cells. |
| Meristem | Tips of roots and shoots where cell division and elongation takes place. |
| MessengerRNA | Copy of a section on DNA used to carry the gene code to the ribosomes. |
| Metabolic rate | Amount of energy a body needs. |
| Microbes | Tiny microscopic organisms. |
| Mitochondria | Structures in a cell where respiration takes place. |
| Mitosis | Cell division that results in genetically identical diploid cells. |
| Multicellular organism | Organisms made up of many specialised cells. |
| Mutation | Where the DNA within cells have been altered (this happens in cancer). |
| Oxygen debt | The debt for oxygen that builds up in the body when demand for oxygen is greater than supply. |
| Palisade cells | Tightly packed together cells found on the upper side of a leaf. |
| Pharmaceuticals | Medical drugs. |
| Plasma | Yellow liquid found in blood. |
| Platelets | Cell fragments which help in blood clotting. |
| Population | Group of organisms of the same species. |
| Red blood cells | Blood cells which are adapted to carry oxygen. |
| Respiration | Process occurring in living things where oxygen is used to release the energy in foods. |
| Respiratory quotient (RQ) | Equation used to determine the substrate used in respiration. |
| Ribosome | Structures in a cell where protein synthesis takes place. |
| Selective breeding | Process of breeding organisms with the desired characteristics. |
| Stem cells | Unspecialised body cells (found in bond marrow) that can develop into other, specialised, cells that the body needs, e.g. blood cells. |
| Sterilise | Killing all the organisms in an area, usually to mean killing micro-organisms. |
| Temperature coefficient (Q10) | Equation used to calculate the effect of temperature on the rate of an enzyme-controlled reaction. |
| Therapy | Treatment of a medical problem. |
| Tissue culture | Process that uses small sections of tissue to clone plants. |
| Tumour | Abnormal mass of tissue that is often cancerous. |
| Unicellular organism | Organisms made of only one cell. |
| Veins | Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart. |
| White blood cells | Blood cells which defend against disease. |
Created by:
Brimsham
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