Cell Division
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| Anaphase | Mitotic phase during which daughter chromosomes move toward the poles of the spindle.
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| Apoptosis | Programmed cell death involving a cascade of specific cellular events leading to death and destruction of the cell.
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| Aster | Short, radiating fibers produced by the centrosomes in animal cells.
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| Cell Cycle | Repeating sequence of events in eukaryotes that involves cell growth and nuclear division; consists of the stages G1, S, G2, and M.
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| Cell Plate | Structure that precedes the formation of the cell wall as a part of cytokinesis in plant cells.
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| Centriole | Cell organelle, existing in pairs, that occurs in the centrosome and may help organize a mitotic spindle for chromosome movement during animal cell division.
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| Centromere | Constricted region of a chromosome where sister chromatids are attached to one another and where the chromosome attaches to a spindle fiber.
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| Chromatin | Network of fibrils consisting of DNA and associated proteins observed within a nucleus that is not dividing.
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| Chromosome | Rodlike structure in the nucleus seen during cell division; contains the hereditary units, or genes.
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| Cleavage Furrow | Indentation that begins the process of cleavage, by which animal cells undergo cytokinesis.
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| Crossing-Over | Exchange of corresponding segments of genetic material between nonsister chromatids of homologous chromosomes during synapsis of meiosis I.
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| Cyclin | Protein that cycles in quantity as the cell cycle progresses; combines with and activates the kinases that function to promote the events of the cycle.
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| Cytokinesis | Division of the cytoplasm following mitosis and meiosis.
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| Daughter Chromosome | Separated chromatids become daughter chromosomes during anaphase of mitosis and anaphase II of meiosis.
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| Diploid (2n) number | of chromosomes; twice the number of chromosomes found in gametes.
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| Duplicated Chromosome | Chromosome that consists of two chromatids held together at a centromere.
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| Equator | A disc formed during metaphase in which all of a cell’s chromosomes lie in a single plane at right angles to the spindle fibers.
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| Fertilization | Union of a sperm nucleus and an egg nucleus, which creates the zygote with the diploid number of chromosomes.
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| Gamete | Haploid sex cell; the egg or a sperm that join during fertilization to form a zygote.
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| Genetic Recombination | With the help of meiosis I, this occurs through crossing-over and independent alignment of chromosome pairs at the equator.
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| Haploid (n) number | of chromosomes; half the diploid number; the number characteristic of gametes that contain only one set of chromosomes.
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| Omologous Chromosome | Similarly shape and that contain genes for the same traits; also called homologues.
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| Homologue | Member of a homologous pair of chromosomes.
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| Independent Assortment | Alleles of unlinked genes segregate independently of each other during meiosis so that the gametes contain all possible combinations of alleles.
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| Interkinesis | Period of time between meiosis I and meiosis II during which no DNA replication takes place.
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| Interphase | Stages of the cell cycle (G1, S, G2) during which growth and DNA synthesis occur when the nucleus is not actively dividing.
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| Meiosis | Type of nuclear division that occurs as part of sexual reproduction in which the daughter cells receive the haploid number of chromosomes in varied combinations.
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| Metaphase | Mitotic phase during which chromosomes are aligned at the metaphase plate.
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| Mitosis | Type of cell division in which daughter cells receive the exact chromosome and genetic makeup of the parent cell; occurs during growth and repair.
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| Nondisjunction | Failure of homologous chromosomes or daughter chromosomes to separate during meiosis I and meiosis II, respectively.
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| Oogenesis | Production of an egg in females by the process of meiosis and maturation.
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| Polar Body | Nonfunctioning daughter cell, formed during oogenesis, that has little cytoplasm.
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| Prophase | Mitotic phase during which chromatin condenses so that chromosomes appear; chromosomes are scattered.
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| Secondary Oocyte | In oogenesis, the functional product of meiosis I; becomes the egg.
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| Sister Chromatid | One of two genetically identical chromosomal units that are the result of DNA replication and are attached to each other at the centromere.
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| Omatic Cell | A body cell; excludes cells that undergo meiosis and become a sperm or egg.
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| Spermatogenesis | Production of sperm in males by the process of meiosis and maturation.
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| Spindle | Microtubule structure that brings about chromosomal movement during nuclear division.
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| Synapsis | Pairing of homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis.
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| Telophase | Mitotic phase during which daughter cells are located at each pole.
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| Zygote | Diploid cell formed by the union of sperm and egg; the product of fertilization.
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