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Ch. 5
Cell Division
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Anaphase | Mitotic phase during which daughter chromosomes move toward the poles of the spindle. |
| Apoptosis | Programmed cell death involving a cascade of specific cellular events leading to death and destruction of the cell. |
| Aster | Short, radiating fibers produced by the centrosomes in animal cells. |
| Cell Cycle | Repeating sequence of events in eukaryotes that involves cell growth and nuclear division; consists of the stages G1, S, G2, and M. |
| Cell Plate | Structure that precedes the formation of the cell wall as a part of cytokinesis in plant cells. |
| Centriole | Cell organelle, existing in pairs, that occurs in the centrosome and may help organize a mitotic spindle for chromosome movement during animal cell division. |
| Centromere | Constricted region of a chromosome where sister chromatids are attached to one another and where the chromosome attaches to a spindle fiber. |
| Chromatin | Network of fibrils consisting of DNA and associated proteins observed within a nucleus that is not dividing. |
| Chromosome | Rodlike structure in the nucleus seen during cell division; contains the hereditary units, or genes. |
| Cleavage Furrow | Indentation that begins the process of cleavage, by which animal cells undergo cytokinesis. |
| Crossing-Over | Exchange of corresponding segments of genetic material between nonsister chromatids of homologous chromosomes during synapsis of meiosis I. |
| Cyclin | Protein that cycles in quantity as the cell cycle progresses; combines with and activates the kinases that function to promote the events of the cycle. |
| Cytokinesis | Division of the cytoplasm following mitosis and meiosis. |
| Daughter Chromosome | Separated chromatids become daughter chromosomes during anaphase of mitosis and anaphase II of meiosis. |
| Diploid (2n) number | of chromosomes; twice the number of chromosomes found in gametes. |
| Duplicated Chromosome | Chromosome that consists of two chromatids held together at a centromere. |
| Equator | A disc formed during metaphase in which all of a cell’s chromosomes lie in a single plane at right angles to the spindle fibers. |
| Fertilization | Union of a sperm nucleus and an egg nucleus, which creates the zygote with the diploid number of chromosomes. |
| Gamete | Haploid sex cell; the egg or a sperm that join during fertilization to form a zygote. |
| Genetic Recombination | With the help of meiosis I, this occurs through crossing-over and independent alignment of chromosome pairs at the equator. |
| Haploid (n) number | of chromosomes; half the diploid number; the number characteristic of gametes that contain only one set of chromosomes. |
| Omologous Chromosome | Similarly shape and that contain genes for the same traits; also called homologues. |
| Homologue | Member of a homologous pair of chromosomes. |
| Independent Assortment | Alleles of unlinked genes segregate independently of each other during meiosis so that the gametes contain all possible combinations of alleles. |
| Interkinesis | Period of time between meiosis I and meiosis II during which no DNA replication takes place. |
| Interphase | Stages of the cell cycle (G1, S, G2) during which growth and DNA synthesis occur when the nucleus is not actively dividing. |
| Meiosis | Type of nuclear division that occurs as part of sexual reproduction in which the daughter cells receive the haploid number of chromosomes in varied combinations. |
| Metaphase | Mitotic phase during which chromosomes are aligned at the metaphase plate. |
| Mitosis | Type of cell division in which daughter cells receive the exact chromosome and genetic makeup of the parent cell; occurs during growth and repair. |
| Nondisjunction | Failure of homologous chromosomes or daughter chromosomes to separate during meiosis I and meiosis II, respectively. |
| Oogenesis | Production of an egg in females by the process of meiosis and maturation. |
| Polar Body | Nonfunctioning daughter cell, formed during oogenesis, that has little cytoplasm. |
| Prophase | Mitotic phase during which chromatin condenses so that chromosomes appear; chromosomes are scattered. |
| Secondary Oocyte | In oogenesis, the functional product of meiosis I; becomes the egg. |
| Sister Chromatid | One of two genetically identical chromosomal units that are the result of DNA replication and are attached to each other at the centromere. |
| Omatic Cell | A body cell; excludes cells that undergo meiosis and become a sperm or egg. |
| Spermatogenesis | Production of sperm in males by the process of meiosis and maturation. |
| Spindle | Microtubule structure that brings about chromosomal movement during nuclear division. |
| Synapsis | Pairing of homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis. |
| Telophase | Mitotic phase during which daughter cells are located at each pole. |
| Zygote | Diploid cell formed by the union of sperm and egg; the product of fertilization. |
Created by:
Dugo
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