Glossary of key words for B1- Understanding Organisms
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| Accommodation | the eyes ability to change focus.
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| Acetylcholin | In the brain: a neurotransmitter chemical that diffuses across synapse.
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| Active immunity | You have immunity if your immune system recognises as pathogen and fights it.
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| Allele | Inherited characteristics are carried as pairs of alleles on pairs of chromosomes. Different forms of a gene are different alleles.
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| Antibody | Protein normally present in the body or produced in response to an antigen which it neutralises, thus producing an immune response.
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| Antigen | Any substance that stimulates the production of antibodies- antigens on the surface of red blood cells determine blood group.
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| Antiviral drug | Therapeutic drug acting to kill viruses.
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| Arteries | Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart.
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| Auxin | A type of plant hormone.
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| Axon | Part of a neurone that carries nerve impulse.
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| Binocular vision | Part of vision seen by both eyes.
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| Binomial system | The scientific way of naming an organism.
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| Blind trial | A drugs trial where volunteers do not know which treatment they are receiving.
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| Blood groups | Blood falls into one of four groups: A, B, AB or O.
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| Blood pressure | Force with which blood presses against the walls of vessels.
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| Blood suger level | Amount of glucose in the blood.
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| Body mass index (BMI) | Measure of someone’s weight in relation to their height.
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| Cell membrane | Layer around a cell which helps to control substances entering and leaving the cell.
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| Central nervous system (CNS) | Collectively the brain and spinal cord.
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| Cholesterol | A fatty substance which can block blood vessels.
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| Contagious | A disease that spreads directly from person to person.
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| Dehydration | The result of body losing too much water.
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| Denatured | An enzyme is denatured if its shape changes so that the substrate cannot fit into the active site.
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| Depressant | A drug that slows down the working of the brain.
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| Diastolic pressure | The lowest point that your blood pressure reaches as the heart relaxes between beats/
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| Diet | What a person eats.
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| Dominant allele/ characteristic | An allele that will produce the characteristic if present.
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| EAR (for protein) | Estimated average daily requirement of protein in diet.
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| Egestion | The way an animal gets rid of undigested food waste called faeces.
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| Essential elements | The three elements, nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium that are essential for the growth of plants.
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| Excretion | The process of getting rid of waste from the body.
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| First class protein | Proteins from meat and fish which contain all essential amino acids.
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| Food | Part of our diet that provides energy.
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| Gametes | The male and female sex cells ( sperm and eggs).
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| Gene | Section of DNA that codes for a particular characteristic.
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| Genotype | The genetic makeup of an organism.
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| Geotropism | A plant’s growth response to gravity.
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| Germinate | The growth of a seed into a plant.
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| Gibberellic acid | A plant hormone that speeds up germination.
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| Haemoglobin | Chemical found in red blood cells which carries oxygen.
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| Hallucinogen | A drug, like LSD, that gives the user hallucinations.
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| Heat stroke | Result of the body being too hot; skin is cold, pulse is weak.
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| Heterozygous | A person who has two different alleles for an inherited characteristic, e.g. someone with blond hair may also carry an allele for red hair.
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| Homozygous | A person who has two alleles that are the same for an inherited feature, e.g. a blue eyed person will have two blue alleles for eye colour.
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| Hormones | Chemicals that act on target organs in the body ( hormones are made by the body in special glands).
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| Hypothalamus | A small gland in the brain, detects temperature of blood.
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| Hypothermia | A condition caused by the body getting too cold, which can lead to death if untreated.
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| Kwashiorkor | An illness caused by protein deficiency due to lack of food. Sufferers often have swollen bellies caused by retention of fluid in the abdomen.
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| Melanin | The group of naturally occurring dark pigments, especially the pigment found in skin, hair fur and feathers.
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| Microorganism | Very small organism (living thing) which can only be viewed through a microscope- also known as a microbe.
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| Microbe | Very small organism (living thing) which can only be viewed through a microscope- also known as a microorganism.
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| Monocular vision | Part of vision only seen by one eye.
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| Monmohybrid cross | A cross between two organisms that differ by a single characteristic. Used to follow the inheritance of a single pair of genes.
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| Motor neurone | Nerve cells carrying information from the central nervous system to muscles.
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| Mutation | Where DNA within cells have been altered (this happens in cancer).
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| Obesity | A medical condition where the amount of body fat is so great that it harms health.
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| Painkiller | A drug that stops nerve impulses so pain is not felt.
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| Parasite | Organism which lives on (or inside) the body of another organism.
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| Pathogen | Harmful organism which invades the body and causes disease.
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| Performance enhancer | A drug used to improve performance in a sporting event.
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| Peripheral nervous system | Network of nerves leading to and from the brain and spinal cord.
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| Phenotype | The characteristic that is shown/ expressed.
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| Placebo | A dummy pill.
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| Plant hormones | Hormones that control various plant processes such as growth and germination.
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| Plaque | A build up of cholesterol in a blood vessel (which may block it)
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| Radiotherapy | Using ionising radiation to kill cancer in the body.
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| Recessive Allele/ Characteristic | Two recessive alleles needed to produce a characteristic.
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| Reflex | A muscular action that we take without thinking about.
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| Second class proteins | Proteins from plants which only contain some essential amino acids.
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| Sensory neurone | Nerve cell carrying information from receptors to central nervous system.
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| Sex chromosomes | A pair of chromosomes that determine gender, XX in female, XY in male.
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| Stimulant | A drug that speeds up the working of the brain.
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| Stroke | Sudden change in blood flow to the brain- can be fatal.
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| Synapse | Gap between two neurons.
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| Systolic pressure | The highest point that your blood pressure reaches as the heart beats to pump blood through your body.
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| Thrombosis | Blood clot in a blood vessel causing it to be blocked.
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| Toxin | Poisonous substance (pathogens make toxins which cause us to feel ill).
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| Units of alcohol | Measurement of alcoholic content of a drink.
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| Vasoconstriction | In cold conditions the diameter of small blood vessels near the surface of the body decreases- this reduces the flow of blood.
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| Vasodilation | In hot conditions the diameter of small blood vessels near the surface of the body increases- this increases the flow of blood.
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| Vector | An animal which carries a pathogen without suffering from it.
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| Withdrawal symptoms | Reactions when a person stops taking a drug.
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| Alcohol | Substance made by the fermentation of yeast.
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| Ethene | A plant hormone that speeds up fruit ripening.
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