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MSN Chapter 17

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Term
Definition
Hypernatremia   Hypertonic NaCl Isotonic NaCl IV sodium bicarbonate Hypertonic tube feedings Near-drowning in salt water Water loss Diarrhea Osmotic diuretic therapy Diabetes Insipidius Primary hyperaldosteronism Cushing syndrome Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus  
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Hyponatremia   Diarrhea Vomiting Fistulas NG suction Diuretics Adrenal Insufficiency Burns Wound drainage Excessive hypotonic IV fluids Primary polydipsia SIADH Heart failure Primary hyperaldosteronism  
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Hyperkalemia   Excessive or rapid parenteral administration Potassium containing drugs/salts Acidosis Tissue catabolism (sepsis, burns) Crush injury Tumor lysis syndrome Renal disease Potassium sparing diuretics Adrenal insufficiency ACE inhibitors NSAIDS  
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Hypokalemia   Diarrhea Vomiting Fistulas NG suction Diuretics Hyperaldosteronism Magensium depletion Diaphoresis Dialysis Increased insulin Alkalosis Tissue Repair Increased Epinephrine Starvation  
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Hypercalcemia   multiple myeloma malignancies with bone metastasis prolonged immobilization Hyperparathyroidism Vitamin D overdose Thiazide diuretics Milk-alkali syndrome Acidosis  
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Hypocalcemia   chronic kidney disease elevated phosphorus primary hypoparathyroidism vitamin D defciency magnesium deficiency acute pancreatitis loop diuretics chronic alcoholism diarrhea decreased serum albumin alkalosis excess of citrated blood  
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Hyperphosphatemia   renal failure chemotherapy drugs enemas containing phosphorus excess ingestion hypoparathyroidism sickle cell anemia  
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Hypophosphatemia   malabsorption syndromes recovery from malnutrition glucose or insulin therapy TPN alcohol withdrawal phosphate-binding antacids recovery from DKA respiratory alkalosis  
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Hypermagnesemia   renal failure adrenal insufficiency excessive administration of magnesium tumor lysis syndrome DKA  
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Hypomagnesemia   diarrhea vomiting chronic alcoholism malabsorption syndromes prolonged malnutrition increased urine output NG suction DM hyperaldosteronism  
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Respiratory Acidosis   COPD barbiturate or sedative overdose chest wall abnormality severe pneumonia atelectasis Guillan-Barre syndrome mechanical hypoventilation  
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Respiratory Alkalosis   Hyperventilation PE anxiety fear pain Stimulated respiratory center septicemia encephalitis brain injury salicylate poisioning mechanical hyperventilation  
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Metabolic Acidosis   DKA Lactic acidosis starvation severe diarrhea renal tubular acidosis renal failure GI fistulas shock  
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Metabolic Alkalosis   severe vommiting excess gastric suctioning diuretic therapy potassium defecit excess NaHCO3 intake excessive mineralcorticoids  
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