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Fluid & Electrolytes
MSN Chapter 17
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Hypernatremia | Hypertonic NaCl Isotonic NaCl IV sodium bicarbonate Hypertonic tube feedings Near-drowning in salt water Water loss Diarrhea Osmotic diuretic therapy Diabetes Insipidius Primary hyperaldosteronism Cushing syndrome Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus |
| Hyponatremia | Diarrhea Vomiting Fistulas NG suction Diuretics Adrenal Insufficiency Burns Wound drainage Excessive hypotonic IV fluids Primary polydipsia SIADH Heart failure Primary hyperaldosteronism |
| Hyperkalemia | Excessive or rapid parenteral administration Potassium containing drugs/salts Acidosis Tissue catabolism (sepsis, burns) Crush injury Tumor lysis syndrome Renal disease Potassium sparing diuretics Adrenal insufficiency ACE inhibitors NSAIDS |
| Hypokalemia | Diarrhea Vomiting Fistulas NG suction Diuretics Hyperaldosteronism Magensium depletion Diaphoresis Dialysis Increased insulin Alkalosis Tissue Repair Increased Epinephrine Starvation |
| Hypercalcemia | multiple myeloma malignancies with bone metastasis prolonged immobilization Hyperparathyroidism Vitamin D overdose Thiazide diuretics Milk-alkali syndrome Acidosis |
| Hypocalcemia | chronic kidney disease elevated phosphorus primary hypoparathyroidism vitamin D defciency magnesium deficiency acute pancreatitis loop diuretics chronic alcoholism diarrhea decreased serum albumin alkalosis excess of citrated blood |
| Hyperphosphatemia | renal failure chemotherapy drugs enemas containing phosphorus excess ingestion hypoparathyroidism sickle cell anemia |
| Hypophosphatemia | malabsorption syndromes recovery from malnutrition glucose or insulin therapy TPN alcohol withdrawal phosphate-binding antacids recovery from DKA respiratory alkalosis |
| Hypermagnesemia | renal failure adrenal insufficiency excessive administration of magnesium tumor lysis syndrome DKA |
| Hypomagnesemia | diarrhea vomiting chronic alcoholism malabsorption syndromes prolonged malnutrition increased urine output NG suction DM hyperaldosteronism |
| Respiratory Acidosis | COPD barbiturate or sedative overdose chest wall abnormality severe pneumonia atelectasis Guillan-Barre syndrome mechanical hypoventilation |
| Respiratory Alkalosis | Hyperventilation PE anxiety fear pain Stimulated respiratory center septicemia encephalitis brain injury salicylate poisioning mechanical hyperventilation |
| Metabolic Acidosis | DKA Lactic acidosis starvation severe diarrhea renal tubular acidosis renal failure GI fistulas shock |
| Metabolic Alkalosis | severe vommiting excess gastric suctioning diuretic therapy potassium defecit excess NaHCO3 intake excessive mineralcorticoids |
Created by:
ashduh93
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