HSO109 pt 11
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| What are sensory receptors? | They are specialised cells or cell processes that detect changes inside or outside the body
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| What are general senses | - They provide information about the body and its environment
- They include: temperature, pain, touch, pressure, vibration and proprioception
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| What are example of special senses? | - Smell
- Taste
- Sight
- Equilibrium (balance)
- Hearing
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| What do sensory receptors do? | - They detect a stimulus and transduce it into an action potential which is sent to the CNS
- Frequency of arriving action potentials in CNS brings information about strength, duration and variation of stimulus
- Some info reaches our awareness
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| Define transduce: | Converts energy into another form
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| What are some characteristics of sensory receptors? | Specificity (type of stimulus):
- Free nerve endings (non specific eg. chemical, pressure, temp, trauma)
- The eyes visual receptors (v specific, light only)
Receptive field: (location of stimulus)
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| What are tonic receptors? | - They're always active
- Change in rate when a change in stimulus occurs
- Slow-adapting receptors (pain)
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| What are phasic receptors? | - Normally inactive
- Become active when a change in stimulus occurs
- Fast-adapting receptors (temp)
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| What are pain receptors? | - Tonic receptors
- Found in the skin, joints, bones and blood vessels
- Free nerve endings
- Have large receptive fields
- 3 main types: temp, mechanical & chemical
- All 3 activated by strong stimuli
- Myelinated axons - fast pain
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| What are pain receptors? (cont.) | - Unmyelinated axons - slow pain, burning, aching sensations
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| What are temperature receptors? | - Phasic receptors
- Found in the skin, skeletal muscles, the liver
- Travel along same pathway as pain sensations
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| What are mechanoreceptors? (touch, pressure, twist, stretch) | - Cell membranes contain mechanically regulated ion channels
- 3 main types: tactile, baroreceptors, proprioceptors
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| What are tactile receptors? | - Detect info about texture, shape and pulsation
- Fine touch = small receptive fields
- Crude tough = large receptive fields
- Can be simple or complex
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| What are the 6 types of tactile receptors? | - Free nerve endings: skin
- Root hair plexus: movement across body
- Tactile discs: skin
- Tactile corpuscles: eyelids, fingertips
- Lamellated corpuscles: fingers, mammary glands
- Ruffini corpuscles: deep in skin
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| What are baroreceptors? | - Monitor change in pressure
- Found in the blood vessels, respiratory system
- Type of stretch receptor
- Phasic: respond rapidly to changes and then adapt
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| What are proprioceptors? | - Monitor position of joints, muscle contraction
- 3 types: muscle spindles (muscle length and stretch reflex), golgi tendon organs (tendon tension), joint capsule (pressure and tension in joint)
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| What are chemoreceptors? | - Detect changes in chemical concentration
- Phasic
- Brain, carotid arteries, aorta
- Monitor pH, CO2 and O2 levels
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| What does the posterior column pathway involve? | - Fine touch
- Vibration
- Ventral pressure
- Proprioception
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| What does the spinothalamic pathway involve? | - Pain
- Temperature
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| What does the spinocerebellar pathway involve? | - Proprioception
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| What is the somatic nervous system? | - An efferent division of the nervous system
- Output of SNS is under voluntary control
- Controls skeletal muscle contraction
- Involves motor pathways
- Several centers in cerebrum, diencephalon and brain stem issue somatic motor commands
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| What are upper motor neurons? | - The cell body lies in a CNS process center
- Synapses on the lower motor neuron
- Activity in upper motor neuron may facilitate or inhibit lower motor neuron
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| What are lower motor neurons? | - Triggers a contraction in innervated muscle
- destruction or damage to a lower motor neuron eliminates voluntary and reflex control over innervated motor unit
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