HSO109
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| Define metabolism: | All the chemical reactions that occur in the body.
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| What is catabolism? | - It is the the breakdown of organic molecules
- Releases energy
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| What is anabolism? | - Involves the synthesis of organic molecules
- Requires energy
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| How does catabolism (exergonic reactions) work? | 1. Energy containing nutrients are broken down releasing ATP, NADH, NADPH and FADH (Chemical energy)
2. Products produced CO2, H2O and NH3
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| How does anabolism work? | 1. Precursor molecules like amino acids, sugars, fatty acids, nitrogenous bases are combined
2. This requires energy
3. End products (macromolecules) are made
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| What type of energy do catabolic reactions produce? | - ATP or high energy compounds
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| Where do do catabolic reactions usually occur? | - In the mitochondria
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| What is also produced in a catabolic reaction? | - Heat energy
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| What is the function of anabolic reactions? | - Used for maintenance and repair
- Growth
- Secretions
- Nutrient reserves
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| What is the function a nutrient pool? | - It is supply for mitochondria
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| Where does ATP come from (what's its source)? | 1. Food intake
2. Complex carbohydrates, proteins and triglycerides are broken down into
3. Amino acids, glucose, glycerol and fatty acids
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| What are enzymes? | - They are proteins
- They act as catalysts (a+b -> c)
- Depending on the energy, reactions are reversible
- They are specific and have a characteristic shape
- They are influenced by their immediate environment
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| What two theories exist on how enzymes work? | - Lock and key theory
- Induced fit theory
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| Which part of the enzyme reacts with the substrate? | The active site
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| What is a substrate? | The substance on which an enzyme acts
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| What influences the shape of an enzyme? | Temperature and pH levels
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| What do low and high temperatures do to an enzyme? | - Low temperatures deactivate an enzyme, but do not denature it, if heated back up to optimal pressure they will work normally again
- A high level of temperature past an enzymes tolerance level will denature it, destroying it
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| When an enzyme and a substrate are bound together, what is it called? | - enzyme-substrate complex
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| What is ATP made up of? | ADP and one Pi molecule
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| What is the chemical formula for glucose? | C6H12O6
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| What is cellular respiration? | - Produces ATP and high energy compounds
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| What is the process that uses oxygen in order to create ATP called? | Aerobic respiration
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| What is the chemical equation of aerobic respiration? | C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H20 + 36-38ATP
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| What is the electron transport system? | - A series of enzymatic reactions
- Involves transport of electrons
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| What does AP stand for? | - adenosine triphosphate
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