Exam1 (chapters 1-4)
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| Like the family, schools, organized religion, the media, and the law, criminal justice is a(n) | Institution of Social Control
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| American criminal justice consists of what three main agencies? | Police, Courts and Corrections
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| The term jurisdiction, as used in your text, means | A politically defined geographical area
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| What are three types of charging documents? | Felonies, misdemeanors, and juvenile offenses
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| The booking process typically involves | Entering the suspect’s name, the charge, the suspect’s fingerprints and a photograph in the police blotter.
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| A(n) _____ outlines the formal charge or charges, the law or laws that have been violated, and the evidence to support the charge or charges. | Indictment/Information
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| About _____ of criminal defendants plead guilty to the charges against them, in an arrangement called plea bargaining. | 95%
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| Cases that are not resolved through plea bargaining or by a jury trial are decided by a judge in a | Bench trial
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| Currently, what five general types of punishment are in use in the United States? | Fines, probation, intermediate punishments, imprisonment, and death.
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| When politically conservative values are dominant in society, the principles and policies of ___________ seem to dominate the operation of criminal justice. | The Crime Control Model
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| A major problem with the crime control model is that a presumption of guilt goes against one of the oldest and most cherished principles of American criminal justice. What is this principle? | A person is considered innocent until proven guilty.
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| What guilt doctrines is the due process model based? | The doctrine of legal guilt
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| In the case of a misdemeanor or an ordinance violation, a(n) _______ may be held. | Summary Trial
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| If defendants ask for something special, such as a trial, the criminal justice assembly line is | slowed and the efficiency is reduced
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| On which components of criminal justice was the most money spent in 2009? | Police protection
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| A suspect becomes a defendant after | A warrant is issued or an indictment is filed against them
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| Several modifications of classical theory are collectively referred to as | Neoclassical theory
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| What best captures the classical criminologist's concept of "utility"? | Utility is the principal that a policy should provide “the greatest happiness shared by the greatest number.”
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| What theories assumes that crime is committed by free-willed individuals who engage in a hedonistic rationality? | The classical theory
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| What theory is based on the belief that criminals are physiologically different from noncriminals? | Neoclassical (certain factors such as insanity might inhibit free will)
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| Who argued that criminals are, by birth, a distinct type, and that this type can be recognized by physical characteristics or "stigmata" such as enormous jaws, high cheekbones, insensitivity to pain, etc.? | Cesare Lombroso
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| What did Lombroso call a person predisposed to crime? | Atavist (a person who reverts to a savage type)
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| What theorists is associated with body type theories? | Extension of Lombroso’s criminal anthropology; although William Sheldon is the best known body-type theorist.
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| Your text names what four types of heredity studies | Family tree studies, statistical comparisons, twin studies, adoption studies
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| With whom are psychoanalytic theories of crime causation associated? | Sigmund Freud
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| What theorists maintains that criminal behavior sometimes is chosen as an adaptation over other possible alternatives because it offers gratifications (psychological advantages) that could not be achieved otherwise? | Seymour Halleck
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| For Emile Durkheim, the cause of crime is ________ that is, the dissociation of the individual from the ________. | Anomie; collective conscience
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| What theory is associated with the first large-scale study of crime in the United States? | Intelligence and crime
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| For the Chicago theorists, social disorganization is defined as what? | Social disorganization is the condition in which the usual controls over delinquents are largely absent
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| According to Merton, ________ pursue the cultural goal of wealth only through legitimate institutional means. | Conformers
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| According to Cohen, what is the cause of anomie for juveniles? | For Cohen, it is caused by the inability of juveniles to achieve status among peers by socially acceptable means.
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| Sutherland's ________ states that persons who become criminal do so because of contacts with criminal definitions and isolation from noncriminal definitions. | Theory of differential association
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| From the perspective of ________, people are expected to commit crime and delinquency unless they are prevented from doing so. | Social control theory
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| One problem with labeling theory is that it tends to ________ the importance of the official labeling process. | Overemphasize
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| Radical theories of crime causation are generally based on the ideas of | Karl Marx
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| Men's control over women's labor and sexuality is | Patriarchy
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