ecology
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| Ecology | the study of how living things interact with each other
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| population | all the members of one species in a given area in a given time
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| community | all the populations in a given area in a given time
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| ecosystem | including all living things and non living things in an area in a given time
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| biosphere | all the ecosystems of earth and how they interact with each other
.every where life exists
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| 2 main factors for the continuation of an ecosystem | 1. constant source of energy
2. cycling of materials
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| what is a constant source of energy? | sun powers all of the organisms
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| what is cycling of materials | between living and non living things there is cycling of certain substances, like photosynthesis and respiration
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| abiotic factors | non living parts of an ecosystem
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| examples of abiotic factors | soil, water, temperature, light and air, minerals
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| limiting factors | non living factors that limit the growth of a population of an ecosystem.
these factors determine what can and can not live in an ecosystem
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| biotic factors | living organisms in an ecosystem
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| examples of biotic factors | animals, flowers, humans and plants
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| producers | organisms that make their own food.
for example autotrophs and chemotrophs
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| autotrophs | producers that produce their food by using energy from the sun to carry out photosynthesis
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| chemotrophs | producers that produce their food by using energy from chemical reactions to carry out chemosynthesis
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| consumers | organisms that take in food
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| herbivores | consumer that only eats producers
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| carnivore | consumers that eat other consumers
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| preditor (carnivore) | an animal that hunts, kills and eats its prey
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| scavenger (carnivore) | organism that eats dead animals that have already been killed by someone else.
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| omnivores | a consumer that eats producers and consumers (human)
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| decomposers | organism that feed off dead and decaying matter
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| saprophyte | a plant decomposer
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| symbiotic relationship | when two organisms of different species have a close association
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| commensalism | when one organism benefits, but the other one isn't harmed
ex: shark and remora
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| mutualism | both organisms benefit
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| parasitism | one organism benefits (parasite), while the other is harmed (host)
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| food chain | the path that energy takes through an ecosystem
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| producer in food chain | autotroph
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| primary consumers | are always herbivores
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| secondary consumers | carnivores
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| consumers in a food chain | organisms that eat the secondary consumers
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| decomposers | breaks down dead and decaying matter, must be present in all levels of food chain
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| food web | shows many interconnecting food chains because most organisms eat more than one type of food
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| pyramid of energy | only 10 percent of the energy at each level gets passed along
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| pyramid of biomass | the amount of living matter decreases as you go along the food chain
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| carrying capacity | the maximum number of organisms that an ecosystem can support
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| competition | occurs when organisms have a struggle for limiting factors, organisms that are best adaptable will survive
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| habitat | where an organism lives
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| niche | the role/job an organism has in its ecosystem, if two species occupy the same niche, there will be competition
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| why would a foreign invader reproduce in an ecosystem | a foreign invader has no natural enemies and so it would reproduce
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| carbon/oxygen cycle | CO2 and O2 are cycled because of the process of respiration and photosynthesis
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| water cycle | H2O evaporates -transporation
If water molecules hit the clouds - condensation, then H2O comes back down as precipitation
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| Nitrogyn Cycle | Nytrogen in the air is not usable, so bacteria in the ground converts the nitrogen into a usable form for plants
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| Human requirements in ecology | nutritious food, clean water, shelter for living and air that is not polluted
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| renewable resources | something that can be replaced in a reasonable amount of time
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| examples of renewable resources | sunlight, H2O and plants and animals
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| How can renewable resources become non renewable | by over cropping, over grazing, over hunting and over fishing
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| non renewable resources | can not be replaced in a reasonable amount of time
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| examples of non renewable resources | 1-fossil fuels=coal, oil, petroleum and gasoline
2-minerals=iron, aluminum and tin
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| Reduce | try to use less or none at all
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| reuse | use dishes, glasses, towels and silverware instead of plastic and paper
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| recycle | plastic, glass, metal, paper
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| human population growth | human population is not stable. It grows rapidly due to medical advances, knowledge and education
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| water polution | causes H2O to be dirty for drinking, washing and/or recreation
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| pollutant | any substance that makes something dirty for a living
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| example of H2O pollutants | pesticides, sewages, pcbs, and heat
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| air pollution | causes air to be dirty for breathing
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| example of air pollutants | CO2, carbon monoxide, soot, smog, ash, smoke, nitrogen, and sulfur oxyde
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| soil pollution | makes it difficult to grow healthy crops and also for recreation
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| examples of soil pollution | solid wastes, pesticides, and chemicals
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| thermal pollution | due to factories cooling their machines, the water nearby in the lakes gets warmer and causes some organisms to die
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| green house effect/ global warming | too much CO2 in the air - global warming - ice caps melting and flooding
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| what causes the increase in CO2 levels | burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and increase in technology
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| acid rain | caused by sulfur and nitrogen oxides which are released from factories and car exhaust.
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| Ozone layer depletion | chemicals called cfcs from aerosol cans have been causing holes in the ozone layer.
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| what are the effects of ozone layer depletion | more uv rays can pass through which causes an increase in skin and eye cancer
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| direct harvesting | removing an organism from its habitat.
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| poaching | illegally trapping of organisms
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| importation of species | bringing in a foreign species into a native land
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| poor land management | rapid growth of cities has increased the amount of land available for architecture
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Created by:
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